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Mohammad Bahram1,2,3, Falk Hildebrand4, Sofia K Forslund4,5,6

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La diversidad genética bacteriana alcanza su punto máximo en suelos templados, mientras que la composición genética microbiana está más influenciada por factores ambientales que por la geografía. Las interacciones bióticas, como el antagonismo entre bacterias y hongos, también dan forma a estas comunidades del suelo.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Microbiología
  • Ecología
  • Ciencias del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los suelos albergan los microbiomas más diversos de la Tierra, cruciales para el ciclo de nutrientes y el almacenamiento de carbono.
  • Comprender las comunidades microbianas del suelo (bacterias y hongos) requiere modelar su distribución global, repertorios genéticos y asociaciones ambientales.
  • Los patrones globales de diversidad y función microbiana son esenciales para predecir los servicios de los ecosistemas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Modele los patrones de distribución global y el repertorio de genes funcionales de los microorganismos del suelo.
  • Investigar las asociaciones bióticas y ambientales que dan forma a las comunidades bacterianas y fúngicas del suelo.
  • Comprender los impulsores de la diversidad microbiana y la composición genética en la capa superior del suelo.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó la metagenómica y el metabarcoding en muestras globales de la capa superior del suelo de 189 sitios (7.560 submuestras).
  • Análisis de la diversidad genética y composición genética bacteriana y fúngica.
  • Se evaluaron las relaciones entre las comunidades microbianas, las variables ambientales y la distancia geográfica.

Principales resultados:

  • La diversidad genética bacteriana es más alta en hábitats templados; los patrones de diversidad fúngica difieren.
  • La composición genética microbiana varía más con las variables ambientales (precipitación, pH del suelo) que la distancia geográfica.
  • La evidencia de un fuerte antagonismo entre bacterias y hongos, inferido de los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos, sugiere interacciones bióticas significativas.

Conclusiones:

  • Los hongos y las bacterias muestran una diferenciación de nicho global con respuestas contrastantes a los factores ambientales.
  • El filtrado ambiental y la competencia influyen significativamente en la abundancia microbiana, la composición y las funciones genéticas.
  • La contribución de los microorganismos del suelo al ciclo global de nutrientes varía espacialmente, influenciada por factores ambientales y bióticos.