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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Una tortuga de tallo del Triásico con un pico edentulous

Chun Li1,2, Nicholas C Fraser3, Olivier Rieppel4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. lichun@ivpp.ac.cn.

Nature
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
Resumen

Una tortuga del Triásico recién descubierta de China proporciona información clave sobre la evolución temprana de las tortugas. Este fósil, con un pico edentoso y una placa puboisquiádica rígida, desafía las teorías anteriores sobre los orígenes de las tortugas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Paleontología de los vertebrados
  • Biología evolutiva
  • Los reptiles del Mesozoico

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los orígenes evolutivos y la ubicación filogenética de las tortugas siguen siendo un debate significativo en la paleontología.
  • Estudios recientes proponen a las tortugas como diapsidos, pero su posición específica dentro de este grupo y la línea de tiempo de adquisición de rasgos clave están en disputa.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para describir un nuevo fósil de tortuga del período Triásico descubierto en China.
  • Analizar las implicaciones evolutivas de su combinación única de características primitivas y avanzadas para comprender la diversificación temprana de las tortugas.

Principales métodos:

  • Descripción y análisis morfológico de un espécimen de tortuga fósil recién desenterrado.
  • Análisis comparativo de las características esqueléticas, incluido el pico y la cintura pélvica, con parientes fósiles conocidos y existentes de tortugas.

Principales resultados:

  • El descubrimiento de la tortuga de tallo más antigua conocida que exhibe un pico edentoso (sin dientes) y una placa puboisquiádica rígida.
  • Este espécimen muestra un mosaico de características derivadas y plesiomórficas (ancestrales), lo que indica una vía evolutiva compleja.

Conclusiones:

  • El nuevo fósil desafía los modelos simplistas de la evolución temprana de las tortugas.
  • Destaca una historia más intrincada para las tortugas troncales, con divergencia temprana y adquisición variada de características anatómicas clave.