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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Buffers02:56

Buffers

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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography
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Los amortiguadores de hebras de ADN

Dominic Scalise, Nisita Dutta, Rebecca Schulman

    Journal of the American Chemical Society
    |September 12, 2018
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    Los investigadores desarrollaron nuevos amortiguadores de oligonucleótidos para controlar con precisión las concentraciones de ADN, lo que permite un funcionamiento estable y confiable de los sistemas basados en ADN. Estos amortiguadores ofrecen puntos de ajuste, resistencia a las perturbaciones y tiempos de respuesta rápidos.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • La bioquímica
    • Ingeniería Química
    • Biología molecular

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Los sistemas de amortiguación tradicionales regulan principalmente las concentraciones de iones como el hidrónio (pH).
    • Los mecanismos de amortiguación existentes son limitados en el control de moléculas complejas como las secuencias de ADN.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Introducir una nueva clase de amortiguadores capaces de regular secuencias cortas de ADN (oligonucleótidos).
    • Proporcionar un marco matemático para el diseño y ajuste de los búferes de oligonucleótidos.

    Principales métodos:

    • Desarrollo de fórmulas matemáticas para la selección de constantes de velocidad para controlar las propiedades del buffer (punto de ajuste, capacidad, tiempo de respuesta).
    • Diseño de secuencias y concentraciones específicas de ADN para lograr las constantes de velocidad deseadas.
    • Demostración experimental de amortiguadores de oligonucleótidos que mantienen concentraciones estables bajo condiciones variables.

    Principales resultados:

    • Los tampones de oligonucleótidos mantuvieron con éxito las concentraciones de punto de ajuste entre 10 y 80 nM a pesar de las perturbaciones de 50 a 500 nM.
    • Los tiempos de respuesta de estos tampones oscilaron entre menos de 10 minutos y 1,5 horas.
    • Se ha demostrado el funcionamiento paralelo de múltiples amortiguadores sin interferencia cruzada.

    Conclusiones:

    • Los amortiguadores de oligonucleótidos ofrecen un método robusto para estabilizar las concentraciones de ADN en biología sintética y autoensamblaje.
    • Estos amortiguadores pueden mejorar la fiabilidad y la duración de los sistemas moleculares basados en el ADN.
    • El principio de amortiguación puede potencialmente extenderse a otras especies moleculares más allá del ADN.