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Desarrollo temporal del microbioma intestinal en la primera infancia del estudio TEDDY

Christopher J Stewart^1,2, Nadim J Ajami³, Jacqueline L O'Brien³

¹Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. christopher.stewart@ncl.ac.uk.

|October 26, 2018

Resumen

El microbioma intestinal temprano se desarrolla en tres fases, influenciado por la lactancia materna y el modo de nacimiento. Estos factores afectan la composición microbiana, lo que puede afectar la salud a largo plazo y el riesgo de enfermedad.

Área de la Ciencia:

Investigación del microbioma humano
Salud pediátrica
Inmunología

Sus antecedentes:

El microbioma de la vida temprana es crucial para el desarrollo del sistema inmunológico y puede influir en enfermedades posteriores como la diabetes tipo 1.
Los estudios anteriores carecían de una caracterización extensa del microbioma infantil en poblaciones grandes y multicéntricas.

Objetivo del estudio:

Caracterizar ampliamente el microbioma intestinal en desarrollo en una gran cohorte de bebés.
Identificar los factores clave que influyen en la estructura y la progresión del microbioma en la vida temprana.
Explorar las asociaciones sutiles entre los microbios de la vida temprana y el desarrollo de la autoinmunidad de los islotes o la diabetes tipo 1.

Principales métodos:

Análisis longitudinal de muestras de heces de 903 niños (3-46 meses) utilizando ARNr 16S y secuenciación metagenómica.
Se utilizaron datos del estudio Los determinantes ambientales de la diabetes en los jóvenes (TEDDY).
Se utilizó un análisis de casos y controles anidados para vincular la taxonomía microbiana con el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Principales resultados:

Se identificaron tres fases distintas del microbioma: desarrollo (3-14 meses), transición (15-30 meses) y estabilidad (31-46 meses).
La recepción de leche materna fue el factor más fuerte, con la lactancia materna promoviendo Bifidobacterium y el cese acelerando la maduración (Firmicutes).
El parto vaginal se asoció con niveles más altos de Bacteroides durante la fase de desarrollo, vinculados a una mayor diversidad y maduración más rápida.

Conclusiones:

El ensamblaje temprano del microbioma intestinal está estructurado en fases distintas influenciadas por el modo de alimentación y nacimiento.
Los factores ambientales y la composición microbiana temprana de la vida pueden desempeñar papeles sutiles en la autoinmunidad de los islotes y el desarrollo de la diabetes tipo 1.
Proporciona una base para investigar las interacciones microbiano-inmunológicas en la vida temprana para obtener resultados de salud a largo plazo.

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