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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.

Rotation of Asymmetric Top

Rotation of Asymmetric Top

By definition, a spherically symmetric body has the same moment of inertia about any axis passing through its center of mass. This situation changes if there is no spherical symmetry. Since most rigid bodies are not spherically symmetric, these require special treatment.
The relationship between the angular momentum of any rigid body and its angular velocity, both of which are vectors, involves the moment of inertia. The moment of inertia is a scalar quantity only for spherically symmetric...

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

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Reacciones fotorredóxicas asimétricas catalizadas por cobre: alquilación enantioselectiva de iminas impulsadas por la

Yanjun Li¹, Kexu Zhou¹, Zhaorui Wen¹

¹Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|October 30, 2018

Resumen

Este estudio introduce nuevos catalizadores de cobre (II) bisosazolina (Cu^II-BOX) para la catálisis fotorredóxica asimétrica. Estos catalizadores producen eficientemente aminas quirales con alta enantioselectividad bajo condiciones suaves, avanzando los métodos sintéticos verdes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Química orgánica
Catálisis
Química ecológica

Sus antecedentes:

La catálisis fotorredóxica asimétrica es clave para sintetizar moléculas quirales.
Los catalizadores de metales de transición de primera fila son deseables, pero es difícil desarrollarlos para este propósito.

Objetivo del estudio:

Desarrollar catalizadores bifuncionales asimétricos y fotorreductivos eficientes que utilicen complejos de cobre (II) bisosazolina.
Para permitir la alquilación enantioselectiva inducida por la luz de las iminas.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó complejos de cobre (II) bisosazolina (Cu-BOX) como catalizadores.
Se realizó alquilación enantioselectiva inducida por la luz de las iminas en condiciones suaves.
Se utiliza un sistema catalítico sencillo sin fotosensibilizadores adicionales.

Principales resultados:

Se ha logrado una catálisis fotorredóxica asimétrica de alta eficiencia.
Productos de aminas quirales generados con estereocentros de carbono tetrasubstituidos.
Se obtuvo hasta un 98% de enantioselectividad en 36 ejemplos.
Los catalizadores Cu^II-BOX demostrados inician la generación de radicales y controlan la estereoselectividad.

Conclusiones:

Desarrolló una nueva clase de catalizadores CuII-BOX para la catálisis fotorredóxica asimétrica.
Establecido una plataforma verde y eficaz para sintetizar aminas quirales.
Destacó el potencial de los metales de transición de primera fila en el desarrollo de métodos sintéticos sostenibles.