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Las primeras dispersiones humanas dentro de las Américas

J Víctor Moreno-Mayar1, Lasse Vinner1, Peter de Barros Damgaard1

  • 1Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 10, 2018
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Los genomas antiguos revelan una rápida dispersión y diversificación en las Américas. Las primeras migraciones llevaron a historias de población complejas, incluidos grupos previamente desconocidos y señales genéticas de Australasia.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La evolución del hombre
  • Genética de las poblaciones
  • Arqueología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los estudios anteriores sobre el poblamiento de las Américas se centraron principalmente en los eventos de migración iniciales.
  • Las dinámicas subsiguientes de atrapamiento y patrones de dispersión dentro de las Américas siguen siendo menos comprendidas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la diversidad genética y los movimientos de población dentro de las Américas después del poblado inicial.
  • Para reconstruir historias detalladas de poblaciones utilizando datos genómicos antiguos.

Principales métodos:

  • Secuenciación de 15 antiguos genomas humanos desde Alaska hasta la Patagonia.
  • Análisis genómico de individuos, incluidos seis ≥10.000 años de edad, y comparación con poblaciones nativas americanas.
  • Investigando las relaciones genéticas con los antiguos individuos beringios y paleoamericanos.

Principales resultados:

  • Todos los genomas secuenciados están más estrechamente relacionados con los nativos americanos.
  • Pruebas de dispersión rápida y diversificación temprana, revelando grupos previamente desconocidos.
  • Identificación de múltiples migraciones independientes, incluida una señal genética australasiana del Pleistoceno Tardío y una expansión relacionada con Mesoamérica.

Conclusiones:

  • Las antiguas poblaciones humanas en las Américas experimentaron historias complejas y dinámicas.
  • La dispersión posterior a la migración condujo a una diversificación genética significativa en toda América del Norte y del Sur.
  • Los datos genómicos proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre el complejo poblado de las Américas.