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Funcionamiento del reloj atómico que permite la geodesia por debajo del nivel del centímetro

W F McGrew^1,2, X Zhang^1,3, R J Fasano^1,2

¹National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.

|November 30, 2018

Resumen

Los nuevos relojes atómicos ópticos alcanzan una precisión sin precedentes, superando las capacidades actuales para medir los efectos gravitacionales en el tiempo. Este avance permite la geodesia avanzada y la investigación de la física fundamental.

Área de la Ciencia:

Física atómica
Metrología
La geofísica

Sus antecedentes:

Los relojes atómicos miden el tiempo contando las oscilaciones de los estándares de frecuencia.
Los relojes atómicos ópticos ofrecen una precisión superior, alcanzando un rendimiento fraccionario por debajo de 10−17.
La teoría de la relatividad dicta que el paso del tiempo es relativo, afectado por la velocidad, la aceleración y la gravedad.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para demostrar que las mediciones del reloj óptico exceden las capacidades actuales para explicar la distorsión gravitacional del espacio-tiempo de la Tierra.
Establecer nuevos puntos de referencia en cuanto a incertidumbre sistemática, inestabilidad de medición y reproducibilidad de los relojes ópticos.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó dos relojes de red óptica de iterbio independientes.
Se han realizado mediciones de reloj local para evaluar los parámetros de rendimiento.
Se han realizado diez comparaciones de frecuencia a ciegas para el análisis de la reproducibilidad.

Principales resultados:

Se obtiene una incertidumbre sistemática de 1,4 × 10−18 (en unidades de frecuencia de reloj).
Se ha informado de una inestabilidad de medición de 3,2 × 10-19.
Reproducibilidad demostrada con una diferencia de frecuencia de [-7 ± 5] ± 8] × 10−19.

Conclusiones:

Los relojes ópticos demostrados superan las capacidades actuales para medir la distorsión gravitacional del espacio-tiempo.
Su sensibilidad al geopotencial permite una geodesia avanzada con una resolución a nivel de centímetro.
Estos relojes se pueden aplicar para explorar fenómenos geofísicos, probar la relatividad general y buscar materia oscura.

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