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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Computational Reconstruction of Pancreatic Islets as a Tool for Structural and Functional Analysis
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Una estructura peninsular coordina la diferenciación asincrónica con la morfogénesis para generar islotes

Nadav Sharon1, Raghav Chawla2, Jonas Mueller3

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Cell
|January 22, 2019
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores descubrieron que la morfología de los islotes pancreáticos y la diferenciación celular endocrina están directamente relacionadas. Este hallazgo desafía las creencias existentes y podría avanzar en la generación de islotes in vitro para el tratamiento de la diabetes.

Palabras clave:
desarrolloDiferenciaciónde los sistemas endocrinosLas hESCcélulas madre embrionarias humanaslas islas de LangerhansMorfogénesisel páncreassecuenciación de una sola célula

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo
  • Endocrinología
  • Biología de las células madre

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los islotes pancreáticos de Langerhans son cruciales para la homeostasis de la glucosa.
  • La pérdida de las células beta productoras de insulina conduce a la diabetes; el trasplante de islotes es una cura potencial.
  • La comprensión del desarrollo de los islotes es clave para la producción de islotes in vitro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para aclarar el proceso de desarrollo de los islotes pancreáticos y la morfogénesis.
  • Investigar la relación entre la diferenciación endocrina y la estructura de los islotes.
  • Explorar métodos para generar islotes funcionales in vitro.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó la secuenciación de ARNm de una sola célula para analizar el desarrollo de los islotes pancreáticos.
  • Observación de la dinámica de migración y diferenciación de las células progenitoras.
  • Inducción de estructuras semejantes a penínsulas en la diferenciación de células madre embrionarias humanas.

Principales resultados:

  • Contrariamente al dogma, la morfología de los islotes y la diferenciación endocrina están directamente relacionadas.
  • Los progenitores endocrinos diferenciados forman estructuras cohesionadas y parecidas a brotes llamadas "penínsulas".
  • Las células alfa forman la capa externa, seguidas de las células beta, estableciendo una arquitectura de núcleo-manto.

Conclusiones:

  • Existe una relación espacio-temporal directa entre la diferenciación endocrina y la morfogénesis de los islotes.
  • La formación de penínsulas precede al desarrollo de la arquitectura de islotes maduros.
  • La inducción exitosa de estructuras semejantes a penínsulas ofrece una vía para la generación de islotes enteros in vitro.