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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Elementos de tierras raras: la plaga de Mendeleev, las maravillas modernas

Thibault Cheisson1, Eric J Schelter2

  • 1P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

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La separación de los elementos de tierras raras es crucial para la tecnología. Se necesitan métodos de separación mejorados para garantizar una economía circular sostenible para estos elementos vitales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química
  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Ciencias del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las tierras raras son 17 elementos químicamente similares con propiedades electrónicas únicas vitales para las tecnologías modernas.
  • La separación de elementos RE individuales ha sido un desafío persistente desde su descubrimiento.
  • La creciente dependencia de las RE en la tecnología requiere un abastecimiento y un reciclaje sostenibles.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para resaltar la importancia de la separación de elementos de tierras raras en química y tecnología.
  • Revisar los métodos históricos y actuales para separar las tierras raras.
  • Hacer hincapié en la necesidad de técnicas avanzadas de separación para una economía circular de tierras raras.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de las técnicas de separación históricas, incluida la cristalización.
  • Análisis de los esquemas modernos de extracción con disolventes para la separación de tierras raras.
  • Discusión de investigaciones recientes centradas en la mejora de la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad de la separación.

Principales resultados:

  • Los elementos de tierras raras poseen propiedades electrónicas distintas a pesar de sus similitudes químicas.
  • La separación de las tierras raras ha avanzado desde la cristalización básica hasta la extracción sofisticada con disolventes.
  • La dependencia tecnológica actual de las ER impulsa la necesidad de enfoques sostenibles y de economía circular.

Conclusiones:

  • La separación eficiente de las tierras raras es fundamental para su aplicación en diversas tecnologías.
  • Los avances en la ciencia de la separación son esenciales para abordar las preocupaciones de sostenibilidad.
  • El desarrollo de modelos de economía circular para las tierras raras requiere estrategias de separación innovadoras.