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Gestión del nitrógeno para restaurar la calidad del agua en China
ChaoQing Yu1,2, Xiao Huang3,4, Han Chen3
1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. chaoqingyu@yahoo.com.
Nature
|March 1, 2019
Resumen
China también.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias del medio ambiente
- Ecología
- Gestión de la calidad del agua
Sus antecedentes:
- Las actividades humanas han alterado significativamente el ciclo global del nitrógeno.
- El alto consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados en China y las descargas de varias fuentes causan una contaminación generalizada del agua.
- El establecimiento de límites de nitrógeno es crucial para la gestión de la calidad del agua local.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para estimar los patrones espaciales de descarga de nitrógeno en cuerpos de agua en toda China desde 1955 hasta 2014.
- Evaluar las tasas actuales de descarga de nitrógeno antropogénico con respecto a los umbrales de seguridad.
- Evaluar el potencial de los esfuerzos actuales de reducción de la contaminación y las estrategias futuras.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó una combinación de observaciones de la calidad del agua.
- Se utilizaron datos simulados de descargas de nitrógeno procedentes de fuentes agrícolas y de otro tipo.
- Se analizaron datos históricos desde 1955 hasta 2014.
Principales resultados:
- La mayoría de las provincias chinas superaron el estándar crítico de calidad del agua superficial (1.0 mg N/L) a mediados de la década de 1980.
- La descarga actual de nitrógeno antropogénico (14,5 ± 3,1 Mt N/año) es 2,7 veces el umbral de seguridad (5,2 ± 0,7 Mt N/año).
- El tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas redujo la descarga en 0,7 Mt N en 2014; la mejora de la gestión de las tierras de cultivo podría reducirla en 2,3 Mt N adicionales por año.
Conclusiones:
- Se necesitan cambios transformacionales para aumentar la tasa de reciclaje de nutrientes de China del 36% al 87% para la restauración de agua limpia.
- El reciclaje de altos niveles de nutrientes es tecnológicamente factible con una inversión significativa.
- Los beneficios secundarios incluyen el reciclaje de aguas residuales para el riego y la mejora de los servicios ecosistémicos.
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