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Definir las arquitecturas genéticas, genómicas, celulares y de diagnóstico de los trastornos psiquiátricos
Patrick F Sullivan1, Daniel H Geschwind2
1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Cell
|March 23, 2019
Resumen
Los trastornos psiquiátricos son poligénicos, lo que significa que muchos genes contribuyen al riesgo, no una sola causa. Comprender la arquitectura genética y celular es clave para desentrañar trastornos cerebrales complejos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La genética humana
- Trastornos psiquiátricos
- Neurobiología
Sus antecedentes:
- La genética de los trastornos psiquiátricos ha avanzado significativamente, con cientos de hallazgos reproducibles ahora disponibles.
- Anteriormente, existían pocos hallazgos genéticos reproducibles para los trastornos psiquiátricos.
- La investigación actual se centra en la arquitectura genética y su papel en la fisiopatología.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar hallazgos que iluminan la arquitectura genética de los trastornos psiquiátricos.
- Discutir los desafíos en el uso de hallazgos genéticos para comprender la fisiopatología.
- Explorar la necesidad de una comprensión más profunda de las arquitecturas genómicas y celulares funcionales.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de los estudios genéticos actuales sobre los trastornos psiquiátricos.
- Análisis de modelos poligénicos para el riesgo de trastornos psiquiátricos.
- Exploración de las implicaciones de la arquitectura genómica y celular funcional.
Principales resultados:
- La evidencia abrumadora indica que los trastornos psiquiátricos son poligénicos, con numerosos loci genéticos que contribuyen al riesgo.
- Pocos trastornos psiquiátricos, excepto un subconjunto del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), tienen una sola causa genética determinista.
- Cientos de variantes genéticas influyen en el desarrollo de trastornos psiquiátricos, apoyando un modelo poligénico.
Conclusiones:
- La comprensión completa de los trastornos psiquiátricos requiere el conocimiento de la genética, la genómica funcional y las arquitecturas celulares.
- La superposición de las arquitecturas genéticas en diferentes trastornos psiquiátricos requiere una reevaluación de las categorías de diagnóstico.
- La integración de datos genéticos y neurobiológicos es crucial para refinar los diagnósticos de trastornos psiquiátricos.
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