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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Colosales efectos barocalóricos en cristales de plástico

Bing Li1, Yukinobu Kawakita2, Seiko Ohira-Kawamura2

  • 1Shenyang National Laboratory (SYNL) for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. bingli@imr.ac.cn.

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Los investigadores descubrieron efectos barocalóricos colosales (CBCE) en cristales de plástico, que ofrecen una alternativa prometedora a la refrigeración convencional. Este avance en la refrigeración en estado sólido utiliza transiciones inducidas por presión para tecnologías de refrigeración eficientes y ecológicas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • La termodinámica
  • Física del estado sólido

Sus antecedentes:

  • La refrigeración es crucial para el almacenamiento de alimentos y el aire acondicionado, consumiendo 25-30% de la electricidad mundial.
  • La refrigeración por compresión de vapor convencional se basa en materiales con un alto potencial de calentamiento global.
  • Los efectos calóricos en estado sólido ofrecen una alternativa prometedora y más respetuosa con el medio ambiente, pero se enfrentan a limitaciones de rendimiento.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los efectos barocalóricos colosales (CBCE) en cristales de plástico como un nuevo mecanismo de refrigeración en estado sólido.
  • Para identificar los orígenes microscópicos de CBCE en estos sólidos desordenados.
  • Evaluar el potencial de los cristales de plástico para las tecnologías de refrigeración de próxima generación y de alto rendimiento.

Principales métodos:

  • Investigación experimental de los efectos barocalóricos en cristales de plástico.
  • Caracterización de los cambios de entropía en el neopentilglicol cerca de la temperatura ambiente.
  • Mediciones de dispersión de neutrones dependientes de la presión para elucidar los mecanismos subyacentes.

Principales resultados:

  • Se han reportado efectos barocalóricos colosales (CBCE) en cristales plásticos, con cambios de entropía de ~389 J/kg·K en neopentilglicol.
  • Se identificó un trastorno de orientación molecular extenso, compresibilidad gigante y dinámica de celosía anharmónica como contribuyentes clave a las CBCE.
  • Estableció una comprensión microscópica de las transiciones de fase inducidas por la presión que impulsan estos efectos.

Conclusiones:

  • Los cristales de plástico exhiben efectos barocalóricos significativos, impulsados por propiedades materiales únicas.
  • Los hallazgos proporcionan una vía para el desarrollo de sistemas de refrigeración de estado sólido avanzados.
  • Esta investigación aborda las limitaciones de los materiales calóricos actuales y las preocupaciones ambientales de la refrigeración convencional.