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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation
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Física nuclear en el embrión

Stanislav Y Shvartsman1, Matej Krajnc2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Cell
|May 4, 2019
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Resumen

Las interacciones dinámicas entre el ciclo celular y la contractilidad de la actomiosina sincronizan las divisiones nucleares en los primeros embriones de Drosophila. Este proceso de autoorganización asegura una distribución uniforme de los núcleos antes de la activación del gen cigótico.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo
  • Biología celular
  • La biofísica

Sus antecedentes:

  • El desarrollo embrionario temprano se basa en la coordinación espacial y temporal precisa de los eventos celulares.
  • La interacción entre la progresión del ciclo celular y la dinámica citoesquelética es crucial para el patrón embrionario.
  • Comprender los principios de autoorganización es clave para descifrar los mecanismos de desarrollo temprano.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos que sincronizan las escisiones nucleares en el embrión temprano de Drosophila.
  • Para aclarar el papel de la contractilidad de la actomiosina en la división nuclear y la organización citoplasmática.
  • Para determinar la contribución de los procesos de auto-organización antes de la transcripción zigótica.

Principales métodos:

  • Imágenes en vivo de las escisiones nucleares y el flujo citoplasmático en embriones de Drosophila.
  • Experimentos de perturbación para analizar las funciones de los reguladores del ciclo celular y los componentes del citoesqueleto.
  • Modelado computacional para simular las interacciones dinámicas observadas.

Principales resultados:

  • Se encontró que las interacciones dinámicas entre el ciclo celular y la contractilidad de la actomiosina sincronizan las escisiones nucleares.
  • Se generó un flujo citoplasmático coordinado, lo que condujo a una distribución espacialmente uniforme de los núcleos cigóticos.
  • Estos mecanismos de autoorganización operan con eficacia antes de la activación de la transcripción cigótica.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio revela un nuevo mecanismo de autoorganización para lograr la uniformidad nuclear en los embriones tempranos.
  • La contractilidad de la actomyosina juega un papel crítico en la sincronización de las divisiones nucleares y la organización de los contenidos citoplasmáticos.
  • Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de la autoorganización pre-transcripcional en los procesos de desarrollo.