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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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Las películas superatómicas procesables en solución

Jingjing Yang1, Boyuan Zhang1, Alexander D Christodoulides2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.

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|July 2, 2019
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores desarrollaron nuevos materiales iónicos superatómicos a partir de grupos a nanoescala. Estas películas delgadas amorfas ofrecen propiedades sintonizables como alta conductividad y transparencia, a diferencia de los cristales tradicionales, allanando el camino para dispositivos electrónicos y termoeléctricos avanzados.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Nanotecnología
  • Química del estado sólido

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los cúmulos de nanoescala atómicamente precisos pueden formar sólidos iónicos cristalinos a través de interacciones electrostáticas.
  • La cristalización de estos grupos en estructuras ordenadas limita sus aplicaciones potenciales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la frustración de las interacciones electrostáticas en grupos a nanoescala utilizando cadenas laterales flexibles.
  • Desarrollar nuevos materiales superatómicos amorfos con propiedades sintonizables para aplicaciones electrónicas y termoeléctricas.

Principales métodos:

  • Sintetizó grandes grupos a nanoescala con cadenas laterales largas y flexibles para frustrar las interacciones electrostáticas.
  • Solución-procesado estos grupos en amorfo y homogéneo delgado-películas.
  • Caracterizó las propiedades eléctricas, térmicas y ópticas de los materiales superatómicos resultantes.

Principales resultados:

  • Logró materiales superatómicos iónicos que permanecen amorfos, impidiendo la cristalización.
  • Composiciones sintonizables demostradas con una conductividad eléctrica excepcionalmente alta (hasta 300 S/m).
  • Se ha observado una conductividad térmica extremadamente baja (0,05 W/m·K) y una alta transparencia óptica (hasta el 92%).
  • Termoeléctricos fabricados de película delgada con valores prometedores y no optimizados de ZT de 0,02.

Conclusiones:

  • Los materiales superatómicos iónicos se pueden procesar en películas delgadas amorfas mediante el control de las interacciones entre racimos.
  • Estos materiales amorfos exhiben propiedades únicas que no se encuentran en las contrapartes cristalinas.
  • Las películas superatómicas representan una nueva clase prometedora de materiales para dispositivos electrónicos y termoeléctricos.