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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Rescue of Recombinant Zika Virus from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome cDNA Clone
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Rescue of Recombinant Zika Virus from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome cDNA Clone

Published on: June 24, 2019

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Cromosomas artificiales humanos que pasan por alto el ADN centromérico

Glennis A Logsdon1, Craig W Gambogi1, Mikhail A Liskovykh2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Cell
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron nuevos cromosomas humanos artificiales (HAC) que funcionan sin ADN repetitivo o CENP-B. Este avance simplifica la creación de genomas sintéticos de mamíferos y hace avanzar la biología sintética.

Palabras clave:
HAC (en inglés)el centromeroCromatina y sus derivadosLa epigenéticaLas histonascromosoma artificial humanoEl kinetochorroLa mitosisLos nucleosomascromosoma sintético

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología sintética
  • La genómica
  • La epigenética

Sus antecedentes:

  • La especificación de los centrómeros de mamíferos se basa en CENP-A, una variante de la histona H3.
  • Los cromosomas artificiales humanos anteriores (HAC) requerían ADN alfa satélite repetitivo y CENP-B.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un nuevo tipo de HAC independiente del ADN centromérico repetitivo y del CENP-B.
  • Explorar vías alternativas para la formación de centrómeros en cromosomas sintéticos.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó una estrategia de siembra de nucleosomas CENP-A para la formación de constructos.
  • Desarrolló una construcción de ADN no repetitivo para la creación de HAC.
  • Funcionalidad HAC evaluada y características de absorción de ADN.

Principales resultados:

  • Los HAC funcionales se formaron a partir de una construcción que carecía de ADN repetitivo.
  • Estos HAC operaron independientemente del CENP-B y la siembra inicial del CENP-A.
  • No se observó captación de ADN genómico en los HACs formados.

Conclusiones:

  • Se han demostrado nuevos HAC no repetitivos que eluden las restricciones tradicionales de formación de centrómeros.
  • Se identificaron distintas vías de formación de centrómeros para diferentes secuencias de ADN.
  • La construcción simplificada de HAC facilita las iniciativas de genoma sintético de mamíferos.