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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Calculating areas within irregular boundaries, such as along rivers or curved roads, is crucial in various fields, including surveying, engineering, and environmental management. Surveyors often begin by creating a traverse, a connected series of straight lines approximating the area's boundary. The coordinates of each traverse point are essential for calculating the enclosed area. The double meridian distance formula is a widely used technique for this purpose. This method utilizes the...
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Optical Control of Living Cells Electrical Activity by Conjugated Polymers
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Control de la organización y las fuerzas en la materia activa a través de límites definidos ópticamente

Tyler D Ross1, Heun Jin Lee2, Zijie Qu3

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. tross@caltech.edu.

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|August 9, 2019
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Los investigadores diseñaron biomoléculas activas para crear estructuras controlables y dinámicas y flujos de fluidos. Este avance ofrece nuevas formas de estudiar comportamientos similares a las células y desarrollar dispositivos avanzados de inspiración biológica.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La biofísica
  • Física de la materia activa
  • Ingeniería bioinspirada

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los sistemas vivos usan moléculas activas para la locomoción y la autoorganización.
  • La materia activa experimental actual carece de control espacial y temporal celular.
  • Esto limita el estudio de los fenómenos de no equilibrio y las aplicaciones bioinspiradas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un sistema de ingeniería con control espacio-temporal sobre las biomoléculas activas.
  • Descubrir los principios del control mediado por límites en la materia activa.
  • Para crear materia activa programable para la ingeniería bio-inspirada.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizan microtúbulos purificados y proteínas motoras activadas por la luz.
  • Desarrolló operaciones de patrones de luz para controlar la formación, el movimiento y la fusión de la estructura de microtúbulos.
  • Diseñó redes de microtúbulos contráctiles y las manipuló para generar flujos de fluidos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se han creado estructuras y redes de microtúbulos a gran escala (cientos de micrómetros).
  • Se han logrado velocidades de contracción de la red que exceden significativamente las velocidades de las proteínas motoras individuales.
  • Flujos de fluidos persistentes generados y esculpidos utilizando las redes contráctiles.

Conclusiones:

  • Se ha demostrado el control mediado por límites en un sistema biomolecular activo de ingeniería.
  • Principios descubiertos aplicables al estudio de las estructuras y fuerzas celulares emergentes.
  • Abrió el camino para el desarrollo de dispositivos de materia activa programables.