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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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The Nucleosome02:33

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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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La cohesión humana compacta el ADN mediante la extrusión en bucle

Yoori Kim1, Zhubing Shi1, Hongshan Zhang2

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Cohesin-NIPBL compacta el ADN mediante la extrusión de bucles, actuando como una máquina molecular impulsada por ATP. Este proceso es esencial para la organización del genoma y requiere hidrólisis de ATP.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología molecular
  • La genética
  • La bioquímica

Sus antecedentes:

  • La cohesina es un complejo proteico crucial para la organización de los cromosomas.
  • El mecanismo de organización del genoma por cohesión, específicamente la extrusión en bucle, carece de evidencia directa.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para proporcionar pruebas directas de la extrusión de bucle mediada por cohesión.
  • Caracterizar las propiedades biofísicas del complejo de cohesión-NIPBL en la compactación del ADN.

Principales métodos:

  • Se emplearon técnicas de imagen de una sola molécula.
  • Se utilizó el complejo recombinante de cohesina humana y NIPBL para estudiar la compactación del ADN.

Principales resultados:

  • Se demostró que la Cohesin-NIPBL compacta tanto el ADN desnudo como el ligado al nucleosoma a través de la extrusión en bucle.
  • La compactación del ADN depende de la hidrólisis del trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) y es sensible a la fuerza.
  • El proceso es procesativo en decenas de kilobases a aproximadamente 0,5 kilobases por segundo.
  • Los experimentos con ADN de doble cadena sugieren una extrusión de bucle bidireccional por dímeros de cohesión.

Conclusiones:

  • La Cohesin-NIPBL funciona como una máquina molecular impulsada por ATP capaz de extruir bucles de ADN.
  • Este estudio proporciona evidencia directa para el modelo de extrusión de bucle de la organización del genoma por cohesión.