El tabaquismo y las mutaciones somáticas en el epitelio bronquial humano
Kenichi Yoshida1, Kate H C Gowers2, Henry Lee-Six1
1Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
Nature
|January 31, 2020
Resumen
Dejar de fumar permite que las células bronquiales sanas se reponan, reduciendo las mutaciones del ADN inducidas por el tabaco y el riesgo de cáncer. Este estudio pone de relieve el impacto de todo el genoma de fumar en las células del pulmón.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La genómica
- Investigación del cáncer
- Pulmonología
Sus antecedentes:
- El tabaquismo es una de las principales causas de cáncer de pulmón, impulsado por numerosos agentes cancerígenos que dañan el ADN.
- Si bien se conoce el impacto genómico en las células de cáncer de pulmón, los datos sobre las células bronquiales normales son limitados.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar el panorama mutacional de todo el genoma de las células epiteliales bronquiales normales en fumadores y no fumadores.
- Para entender los efectos a largo plazo del humo del tabaco en el genoma del epitelio bronquial.
Principales métodos:
- Secuenciación del genoma completo de 632 colonias celulares de células epiteliales bronquiales individuales en 16 sujetos.
- Análisis de la carga mutacional, las firmas mutacionales y las mutaciones del conductor.
Principales resultados:
- El tabaquismo aumenta significativamente la carga mutacional (1.000-10.000 mutaciones por célula) y genera firmas mutacionales distintas.
- Un subconjunto de células en ex fumadores mostró cargas de mutación más bajas, parecidas a las de los no fumadores, y tenían telómeros más largos.
- Las mutaciones conductor fueron más frecuentes en los fumadores actuales (≥25% de las células) en comparación con los no fumadores (4-14%).
Conclusiones:
- Fumar tabaco altera profundamente el genoma del epitelio bronquial, aumentando las mutaciones y los eventos conductores.
- Dejar de fumar facilita la repoblación de las vías respiratorias por células menos mutadas, reduciendo potencialmente el riesgo de cáncer.
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