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El circuito de neuronas VIP-ILC3 dependiente de la alimentación regula la barrera intestinal

Jhimmy Talbot¹, Paul Hahn¹, Lina Kroehling¹

¹Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

|February 13, 2020

Resumen

Un circuito neuroinmune recién descubierto equilibra la absorción de nutrientes y la defensa inmune. La ingesta de alimentos activa las neuronas que envían señales a las células inmunes, influyendo en la función de la barrera intestinal y el metabolismo.

Área de la Ciencia:

Neuroinmunología
Gastroenterología
El metabolismo

Sus antecedentes:

La mucosa intestinal equilibra la absorción de nutrientes con una función de barrera contra los microbios.
La coordinación entre las respuestas fisiológicas y inmunes a la ingesta de alimentos no se comprende completamente.
Las células linfoides innatas tipo 3 (ILC3) juegan un papel en la inmunidad intestinal y el metabolismo.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para aclarar cómo las señales neuronales intestinales se integran con las respuestas inmunológicas y metabólicas intestinales durante el consumo de alimentos.
Investigar el papel de las neuronas productoras de péptidos intestinales vasoactivos (VIP) y ILC3 en este proceso.
Comprender el circuito neuroinmune dinámico que regula la absorción de nutrientes y la protección inmune.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó un modelo de ratón para estudiar la respuesta intestinal a la ingesta de alimentos.
Investigó la activación de las neuronas entéricas que expresan VIP y su proximidad a ILC3 que expresa VIPR2.
Se evaluó el impacto de la activación de VIPR2 en la producción de IL-22 por ILC3 y los cambios subsiguientes en los péptidos antimicrobianos y el metabolismo de los lípidos.

Principales resultados:

El consumo de alimentos activa las neuronas VIPérgicas, que envían señales a ILC3 a través de VIPR2.
El compromiso de VIPR2 inhibe la producción de IL-22 por ILC3, reduciendo los péptidos antimicrobianos pero aumentando la absorción de lípidos.
Este circuito neuroinmune mejora la colonización de bacterias filamentosas segmentadas y la absorción de lípidos durante la alimentación.

Conclusiones:

Un circuito neuroinmune regulado por la alimentación y el ritmo circadiano en el intestino equilibra dinámicamente la protección inmune innata y la eficiencia de absorción de nutrientes.
Este circuito implica una compensación entre la inmunidad mediada por IL-22 y la absorción de lípidos mejorada.
La modulación de esta vía tiene el potencial de mejorar la resistencia a los patógenos y el tratamiento de enfermedades metabólicas.

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