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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Generation of Natural Killer Cells from Human Expanded Potential Stem Cells
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Determinantes del tejido del desarrollo, la función y la residencia de las células NK humanas

Pranay Dogra1, Chiara Rancan2, Wenji Ma3

  • 1Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Cell
|February 16, 2020
PubMed
Resumen

Las células asesinas naturales (NK) humanas muestran patrones específicos de los tejidos. Las células NK maduras dominan los sitios periféricos, mientras que las células inmaduras residen en los tejidos linfoides e intestinales, lo que revela la regulación anatómica del desarrollo y la función de las células inmunes.

Palabras clave:
Células NKcitotoxicidadinmunología humanaDesarrollo inmunológicoinmunidad al envejecimientoinmunidad innatatejidos linfoidesinmunidad de la mucosainmunología de los sistemasResidencia de los tejidos

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Inmunología
  • Biología celular
  • Fisiología humana

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las respuestas inmunes a través de diferentes sitios de tejido son cruciales para mantener la inmunidad protectora y la homeostasis general.
  • Las células asesinas naturales (NK) son linfocitos innatos vitales para combatir las infecciones virales y los tumores.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar cómo la localización del tejido influye en el desarrollo y la función de las células asesinas naturales (NK) humanas.
  • Identificar los patrones de distribución, maduración y función de las células NK en humanos específicos de los tejidos.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de alta dimensión de células NK de varios sitios de tejido humano, incluida la sangre, los órganos linfoides y los tejidos mucosos.
  • Análisis de muestras de 60 individuos para identificar variaciones por edad e interindividuales.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificaron patrones específicos del tejido en la distribución, maduración y función del subconjunto de células NK.
  • Las células NK maduras con alta función efectoras prevalecen en la sangre, la médula ósea, el bazo y los pulmones, compartiendo programas de transcripción comunes.
  • Las células NK inmaduras con menor capacidad efectoras se encuentran en los ganglios linfáticos y los intestinos, mostrando firmas y adaptaciones de tejido residente.

Conclusiones:

  • La localización anatómica dicta el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de las células NK, con poblaciones distintas que residen en tejidos específicos.
  • Los subconjuntos de células NK maduras se colocan estratégicamente en sitios periféricos para mediar la inmunovigilancia de manera efectiva.