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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Control coherente de una transición de fase estructural de la superficie

Jan Gerrit Horstmann1, Hannes Böckmann1, Bareld Wit1

  • 14th Physical Institute, Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

Nature
|July 10, 2020
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Resumen

Los científicos lograron el control óptico de una transición de fase en estado sólido utilizando pulsos láser precisos. Este método aprovecha la coherencia vibratoria para cambiar entre estados aislantes y metálicos, allanando el camino para nuevas funcionalidades de materiales.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la materia condensada
  • Ciencias de la superficie
  • Química Física

Sus antecedentes:

  • El control óptico activo es crucial para manipular la materia, permitiendo aplicaciones como la conmutación magnética totalmente óptica y las transiciones de fase inducidas por la luz.
  • Las transiciones de metal a aislante en sólidos son objetivos clave para la manipulación óptica debido a los cambios ultrarrápidos en las propiedades electrónicas y de celosía.
  • El papel de las coherencias en la eficiencia y los umbrales de estas transiciones sigue siendo en gran medida inexplorado.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Demostrar el control coherente de una transición de fase estructural entre el aislante y el metal.
  • Investigar el impacto de la coherencia vibratoria en la eficiencia de conmutación en un sistema de superficie de estado sólido cuasi unidimensional.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó un esquema de excitación de doble pulso de femtosegundo para la conmutación óptica.
  • Se utiliza la difracción de electrones ultra rápida de baja energía (ULEED) para controlar la dinámica estructural.
  • Aprovechar la coherencia vibratoria en modos estructurales específicos para gobernar la transición de fase.

Principales resultados:

  • Con éxito cambió el sistema de un aislante a un estado metastable usando la excitación de doble pulso.
  • Se han observado oscilaciones dependientes del retraso en la eficiencia de conmutación, lo que indica un control mediante coherencia vibratoria.
  • Se ha demostrado un control coherente y selectivo del modo de transición de la fase estructural.

Conclusiones:

  • El control coherente puede regular eficazmente las transiciones entre el aislante y el metal en sistemas de superficies de estado sólido.
  • La coherencia vibratoria juega un papel crítico en la eficiencia de las transiciones de fase inducidas ópticamente.
  • Este enfoque abre nuevas posibilidades para cambiar las funcionalidades químicas y físicas utilizando estados de no equilibrio metastables.