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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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As the construction industry moves towards more eco-friendly practices, concrete's adaptability and its ability to incorporate sustainable features make it a key material in the drive towards greener building solutions.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Evaluación de escenarios hacia la contaminación plástica cero

Winnie W Y Lau1, Yonathan Shiran2, Richard M Bailey3

  • 1The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA. wlau@pewtrusts.org yonathan.shiran@systemiq.earth richard.bailey@ouce.ox.ac.uk c.velis@leeds.ac.uk jpalardy@pewtrusts.org.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
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PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La contaminación plástica global puede reducirse en un 40% con intervenciones factibles. Sin embargo, incluso con una acción inmediata, los desechos plásticos importantes entrarán en los ecosistemas, lo que requiere esfuerzos globales urgentes para frenar el consumo y mejorar la gestión de residuos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias del medio ambiente
  • Gestión de los residuos
  • Control de la contaminación

Sus antecedentes:

  • La contaminación por plásticos representa un desafío medioambiental global importante y cada vez mayor.
  • Comprender la dinámica de los residuos plásticos y las fuentes de microplásticos es crucial para desarrollar estrategias efectivas de mitigación.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Modelar el sistema mundial de plástico y estimar la eficacia de las diversas intervenciones para reducir la contaminación por plástico.
  • Proyectar los niveles de contaminación plástica en diferentes escenarios desde 2016 hasta 2040.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de un modelo global que simule las existencias y flujos de residuos sólidos municipales y cuatro fuentes de microplásticos.
  • Análisis de cinco escenarios distintos, incluida la aplicación de todas las intervenciones factibles, entre 2016 y 2040.

Principales resultados:

  • Se prevé que la aplicación de todas las intervenciones factibles reduzca la contaminación plástica en un 40% en comparación con los niveles de 2016.
  • Esto representa una reducción del 78% en relación con un escenario "business as usual" para el año 2040.
  • A pesar de estas reducciones, se estima que 710 millones de toneladas métricas de desechos plásticos podrían ingresar a los ecosistemas para el año 2040.

Conclusiones:

  • La acción global coordinada es esencial para mitigar significativamente la contaminación por plásticos.
  • Las estrategias clave incluyen la reducción del consumo de plástico, el aumento de las tasas de reutilización, recolección y reciclaje, la mejora de la eliminación de residuos y el fomento de la innovación en la cadena de valor del plástico.