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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

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The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
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Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:15

Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

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Organomagnesium halides, commonly known as Grignard reagents, convert acid halides to tertiary alcohols. The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and proceeds via a ketone intermediate.
Grignard reagents are a source of carbanions and function as nucleophiles. The mechanism begins with the nucleophilic attack by the carbanion at the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs,...
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Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

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In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Conversión fácil de óxido en calogenuro para actínidos mediante el método de mezcla de boro y calogenuro

Logan S Breton1, Vladislav V Klepov1, Hans-Conrad Zur Loye1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
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Un nuevo método de mezcla de boro y calcógeno (BCM) permite la síntesis de calcógenos actínidos puros, superando los desafíos planteados por las impurezas de oxígeno. Esta técnica utiliza el boro como un recolector de oxígeno para crear nuevos compuestos de uranio y torio.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Química inorgánica
  • Química de los actinuros

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los actinuros son cruciales para el estudio del comportamiento de los electrones 5f en entornos de ligandos blandos.
  • La síntesis de actinuros de fase pura es un desafío debido a la alta afinidad de los actinuros con el oxígeno, que a menudo resulta en impurezas de óxido.
  • Los métodos existentes requieren precursores libres de oxígeno, lo que limita la accesibilidad del material.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir un nuevo método sintético para la producción de actinuros de fase pura.
  • Para abordar el desafío de las impurezas de óxido en la síntesis de calogenuros actínidos.
  • Demostrar la versatilidad del nuevo método en varias clases de calogenuros actínidos.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo del método de mezcla de boro y calcógeno (BCM).
  • Utilizando el boro como una "esponja de oxígeno" para eliminar el oxígeno de los precursores de óxido.
  • El uso de calcógenos elementales para convertir los precursores de óxidos en reactivos de calcógenos libres de oxígeno.

Principales resultados:

  • Síntesis exitosa de calogenuros de uranio en fase pura mediante el método BCM.
  • Demostración de la amplia funcionalidad del método a través de diversas síntesis.
  • Preparación de nuevos sulfuros de uranio de tierras raras y tiofosfatos alcalino-tóricos para validar el enfoque.
  • Transformación exitosa de óxido a sulfuro y generación in situ de calogenuros actínidos en el crecimiento de cristales de flujo.

Conclusiones:

  • El método BCM proporciona una solución robusta para la síntesis de calogenuros actínidos puros.
  • Esta técnica supera el desafío persistente de la contaminación por oxígeno en los materiales de actinuros.
  • El método facilita la creación de nuevos compuestos de calogenuros actínidos y amplía las posibilidades sintéticas.