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Diversas actividades enzimáticas median la inmunidad antiviral en las procariotas
Linyi Gao1,2,3, Han Altae-Tran1,2,3, Francisca Böhning1,2
1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 29, 2020
Resumen
Los microbios poseen numerosos sistemas de defensa antivirales más allá de los conocidos como CRISPR. Los investigadores descubrieron 29 nuevos casetes de genes, encontrados en el 32% de los genomas bacterianos y arqueos, que protegen contra virus específicos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Microbiología
- La genómica
- Biología molecular
Sus antecedentes:
- Las bacterias y las arqueas se enfrentan a amenazas constantes de virus y elementos genéticos móviles.
- Las defensas antivirales existentes, como las enzimas de restricción y los sistemas CRISPR-Cas, son conocidas, pero probablemente incompletas dada la diversidad viral.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Descubrir nuevos sistemas antivirales de defensa en bacterias y arqueas.
- Caracterizar la prevalencia y los mecanismos de estos sistemas recién identificados.
Principales métodos:
- Predicción sistemática de los genes de defensa en los genomas microbianos secuenciados.
- Ensayos de reconstitución heteróloga para validar la actividad antiviral.
- Predicción computacional de genes de defensa putativos adicionales.
Principales resultados:
- Descubrimiento de 29 nuevas cintas de genes antivirales.
- Estas cintas están presentes en el 32% de los genomas bacterianos y arqueológicos secuenciados.
- Se identificaron nuevas actividades enzimáticas, incluida la edición de ARN y la síntesis de ADN satélite de retrones, involucradas en la defensa antiviral.
Conclusiones:
- Los genomas microbianos albergan un vasto repertorio de mecanismos de defensa antivirales en su mayoría no caracterizados.
- Estos sistemas recién descubiertos amplían nuestra comprensión de la inmunidad procariótica y las interacciones viral-bacteriana.
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