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Familiares del virus de la rubéola en diversos mamíferos
Andrew J Bennett1, Adrian C Paskey2,3,4, Arnt Ebinger5
1Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Nature
|October 8, 2020
Resumen
Los científicos descubrieron nuevos virus, ruhugu y rustrela, que son los primeros parientes conocidos del virus de la rubéola. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el virus de la rubéola probablemente se originó en animales, lo que plantea preocupaciones sobre futuras enfermedades zoonóticas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Virología
- Enfermedades zoonóticas
- Biología evolutiva
Sus antecedentes:
- Los orígenes del virus de la rubéola (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus) y sus vías de transmisión han permanecido en gran medida desconocidas desde su descripción inicial en 1814.
- Comprender la historia evolutiva y las capacidades de salto de huésped del virus de la rubéola es crucial para la salud pública y la prevención de enfermedades.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Identificar y caracterizar nuevos parientes del virus de la rubéola para aclarar sus orígenes.
- Investigar la posibilidad de transmisión zoonótica de virus similares a la rubéola.
Principales métodos:
- Descubrimiento y secuenciación genómica del virus ruhugu en murciélagos ugandeses y del virus rustrela en animales salvajes y zoológicos alemanes.
- Análisis comparativo de la arquitectura genómica viral y los epítopos de proteínas conservadas (células B y células T) entre los virus de la rubéola, el ruhugu y el rustrela.
- Modelado en silicio de homotrimeros de proteínas E1 para predecir la capacidad de fusión viral.
Principales resultados:
- El virus ruhugu, que se encuentra en los murciélagos, es el pariente más cercano conocido del virus de la rubéola. El virus Rustrela, que se encuentra en roedores y otros animales, es un grupo externo.
- Los virus Ruhugu y rustrela comparten estructuras genómicas similares con el virus de la rubéola.
- Los epítopos de proteínas virales clave muestran una conservación moderada a alta, y el modelado de proteínas E1 sugiere capacidades de fusión similares entre los virus ruhugu y la rubéola.
Conclusiones:
- El descubrimiento de los virus ruhugu y rustrela proporciona la primera evidencia de parientes del virus de la rubéola y sugiere un probable origen zoonótico para la rubéola.
- Los virus Matonaviridae demuestran la capacidad de transmisión entre especies, lo que pone de relieve las posibles amenazas zoonóticas futuras.
- Estos hallazgos ayudarán a desarrollar estudios comparativos y modelos animales para la rubéola y el síndrome de rubéola congénita.
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