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Riesgo asociado a la construcción de enfermedades respiratorias agudas febriles en aprendices del Ejército
J F Brundage1, R M Scott, W M Lednar
1Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100.
JAMA
|April 8, 1988
Resumen
Los edificios modernos y energéticamente eficientes con sistemas de ventilación cerrados pueden aumentar el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias. Los estudios muestran tasas más altas de enfermedad respiratoria aguda febril en los aprendices alojados en barracas modernas en comparación con los más viejos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Ambiental Salud del medio ambiente.
- Epidemiología de las enfermedades infecciosas.
- Ciencia de la construcción Ciencia de la construcción
Sus antecedentes:
- La transmisión aérea de agentes infecciosos y contaminantes del aire interior está vinculada a enfermedades respiratorias.
- Las medidas de conservación de energía a menudo conducen a una construcción de edificios más ajustada.
- No se comprende completamente el impacto de la estrechez de la construcción en el riesgo de infección respiratoria en entornos congregados.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la hipótesis de que los diseños de edificios energéticamente eficientes aumentan el riesgo de infección respiratoria.
- Para comparar la incidencia de la enfermedad respiratoria aguda febril en los cuarteles modernos frente a los antiguos.
- Evaluar el papel de los sistemas de ventilación de los edificios en la transmisión de enfermedades.
Principales métodos:
- Un estudio observacional de 47 meses que compara las tasas de incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias agudas febriles.
- Estudio realizado en cuatro centros de entrenamiento del Ejército de los Estados Unidos.
- Comparación entre aprendices básicos en cuarteles modernos (eficientes energéticamente) y antiguos.
Principales resultados:
- Se observaron tasas de incidencia significativamente más altas de enfermedad respiratoria aguda febril en los cuarteles modernos.
- La estimación del riesgo relativo ajustado para la enfermedad respiratoria aguda febril en los cuarteles modernos fue de 1,51 (95% IC, 1,46 a 1,56).
- Los riesgos relativos fueron consistentes en los cuatro centros de capacitación.
Conclusiones:
- Los edificios estrechos con sistemas de ventilación cerrados aumentan significativamente el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias.
- Los ocupantes congregados e inmunológicamente susceptibles en los cuarteles modernos están en mayor riesgo.
- El diseño del edificio y la ventilación juegan un papel fundamental en la gestión de la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas en espacios de vida compartidos.
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