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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

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This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

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The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Formación selectiva del macrociclo en las cavitandas

Ji-Min Yang1, Yang Yu2, Julius Rebek1

  • 1Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 28, 2021
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las cavitandas permiten la macrociclización selectiva de los dialdehídos de cadena larga en el agua, superando los desafíos de la entropía. Este sistema anfitrión-invitado imita la catálisis biológica para la formación eficiente de anillos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química orgánica
  • Química supramolecular
  • Catálisis

Sus antecedentes:

  • La macrociclización a través de la ciclización de extremo a extremo de los precursores lineales es entrópicamente desfavorable.
  • Las reacciones intermoleculares a menudo compiten con la ciclización intramolecular deseada, lo que lleva a bajos rendimientos e imprevisibilidad.
  • Los métodos tradicionales de plantilla pueden ser ineficientes, con plantillas que actúan como invitados dentro de la estructura anfitriona.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un método selectivo para las reacciones intramoleculares de aldol/deshidratación de α,ω-dialdehídos de cadena larga en solución acuosa.
  • Utilizar las cavitandas como anfitriones para controlar la conformación de los precursores lineales y favorecer la macrociclación.
  • Para revertir la relación convencional huésped-anfitrión visto en las reacciones de plantilla, imitando la catálisis biológica.

Principales métodos:

  • Aplicación de cavitantes para facilitar la reacción de aldol/deshidratación de α,ω-dialdehídos de cadena larga.
  • Utilizando fuerzas hidrofóbicas dentro de los cavitandes para conducir los dialdehídos a conformaciones plegadas.
  • Realización de reacciones en solución acuosa para promover la macrociclación sobre las reacciones secundarias intermoleculares.

Principales resultados:

  • Se lograron reacciones selectivas intramoleculares de aldol/deshidratación mediante el uso de cavitantes.
  • Los productos macrocíclicos se obtuvieron en buenos rendimientos, que oscilan entre el 30% y el 85%.
  • El método formó con éxito macrociclos con tamaños de anillo de 11 a 17 miembros.

Conclusiones:

  • Los cavitandos actúan como huéspedes efectivos, promoviendo la macrociclación selectiva mediante el control de la conformación del precursor.
  • Este enfoque mediado por cavitand supera las barreras entrópicas asociadas con los métodos tradicionales de macrociclado.
  • La dinámica inversa de anfitrión-invitado en este sistema ofrece una nueva estrategia para la síntesis de plantillas, inspirada en la catálisis biológica.