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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Body:Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
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Los antibióticos redox activos mejoran la biodisponibilidad del fósforo

Darcy L McRose1,2, Dianne K Newman3,2

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Los microbios producen antibióticos cuando el fósforo es escaso. Estos antibióticos ayudan a los microbios a acceder al fósforo disolviendo minerales de hierro, apoyando el crecimiento microbiano y el ciclo de nutrientes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Microbiología ambiental
  • Biogeoquímica
  • Resistencia a los antimicrobianos

Sus antecedentes:

  • La producción microbiana de antibióticos está muy extendida, pero sus funciones ecológicas siguen siendo poco conocidas.
  • El fósforo es un nutriente crítico para toda la vida, y su disponibilidad influye en la actividad microbiana.
  • La disponibilidad de fósforo a menudo está regulada por los minerales de hierro a través del ciclo redox.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el vínculo entre la limitación del fósforo y la producción de antibióticos redox activos.
  • Para explorar el papel de los antibióticos de fenasina, producidos por pseudomonadas, en la adquisición de fósforo.
  • Determinar si las fenazinas contribuyen al ciclo del fósforo en el medio ambiente.

Principales métodos:

  • Se estudió la producción de antibióticos con fenasina en pseudomonadas bajo diferentes condiciones de fósforo.
  • Se evaluó la capacidad de las fenazinas para solubilizar el fósforo mediante la disolución reductiva de los óxidos de hierro.
  • Se realizaron experimentos de laboratorio y de campo para evaluar el impacto de la fenazina en el crecimiento microbiano limitado por el fósforo.

Principales resultados:

  • La producción de antibióticos de fenasina por las pseudomonadas está regulada significativamente por la disponibilidad de fósforo.
  • Se demostró que las fenasinas solubilizan eficazmente el fósforo reduciendo los óxidos de hierro tanto en el laboratorio como en el campo.
  • La presencia de fenasinas mejoró el crecimiento microbiano en entornos limitados de fósforo.

Conclusiones:

  • Los antibióticos redox-activos, ejemplificados por las fenazinas, juegan un papel crucial en la adquisición de fósforo microbiano.
  • Estos antibióticos contribuyen al ciclo del fósforo facilitando la liberación de fósforo de los minerales de hierro.
  • Los hallazgos sugieren una función ecológica no reconocida previamente para una amplia clase de antibióticos microbianos en el ciclo de nutrientes.