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Medir el capital humano utilizando datos de aprendizaje global
Noam Angrist1,2, Simeon Djankov3,4, Pinelopi K Goldberg4,5,6,7,8
1World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. noam.angrist@bsg.ox.ac.uk.
Nature
|March 11, 2021
Resumen
El desarrollo global del capital humano es crucial para el crecimiento económico. Este estudio creó una base de datos mundial para rastrear el progreso del aprendizaje, revelando ganancias limitadas a pesar del aumento de la matrícula escolar y destacando el capital humano.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Las economías
- Educación
- Desarrollo del capital humano
Sus antecedentes:
- El capital humano, que abarca el conocimiento y las habilidades individuales, es vital para el desarrollo económico.
- Las métricas de aprendizaje comparables a nivel mundial son esenciales para el seguimiento de la formación del capital humano.
- Las pruebas de logro internacionales existentes se utilizan principalmente en las naciones desarrolladas, lo que limita el análisis en las economías en desarrollo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Construir una base de datos comparable a nivel mundial de las métricas del capital humano para el período 2000-2017.
- Analizar el progreso global del aprendizaje y su relación con el desarrollo económico.
- Proporcionar una medida más precisa del impacto del capital humano en el crecimiento económico.
Principales métodos:
- Desarrollo de una base de datos global completa que cubra 164 países y el 98% de la población mundial.
- Utilizando datos de 2000 a 2017, con un enfoque en las economías en desarrollo.
- El uso de un ejercicio contable con medidas directas de calidad de la escolarización para estimar el papel del capital humano en las disparidades de ingresos.
Principales resultados:
- El progreso global en el aprendizaje ha sido limitado, a pesar del aumento de la matrícula en la educación primaria y secundaria.
- El capital humano representa entre una quinta y la mitad de las diferencias de ingresos entre países.
- Existe una heterogeneidad significativa en el impacto económico del capital humano entre los grupos de ingresos y las regiones.
- La base de datos desarrollada muestra una asociación más fuerte con el crecimiento económico que las medidas existentes como las Tablas Mundiales de Penn y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano.
Conclusiones:
- El progreso limitado del aprendizaje global requiere intervenciones específicas, especialmente en las naciones en desarrollo.
- El capital humano es un motor importante, aunque heterogéneo, del desarrollo económico.
- La nueva base de datos ofrece una medida más robusta para analizar las contribuciones económicas del capital humano.
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