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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
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La percolación de rigidez descubre una base estructural para las transiciones de fase de los tejidos embrionarios

Nicoletta I Petridou1, Bernat Corominas-Murtra1, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg1

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Cell
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Los tejidos embrionarios experimentan transiciones de fase de rigidez (PT) impulsadas por cambios en la conectividad celular. La teoría de la percolación de rigidez predice estos cambios de propiedades materiales en el desarrollo del pez cebra.

Palabras clave:
adhesión celularMecánica de las célulasred de contacto celularMorfogénesis del embrióntransición de fasePercolación de la rigidezReología de tejidos

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología del desarrollo
  • La biofísica
  • Ciencias de los materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • La morfogénesis del embrión implica cambios dinámicos en las propiedades del material tisular.
  • Se ha propuesto que estos cambios se produzcan a través de transiciones de fase (PT).

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Establecer la percolación de rigidez como marco teórico para predecir las TP materiales/estructurales en tejidos embrionarios.
  • Para investigar el papel de la conectividad celular en la conducción de estos PT.

Principales métodos:

  • Teoría aplicada de la percolación combinada con el monitoreo directo de la reología de los tejidos y la mecánica de contacto celular.
  • Utilizó el blastodermo del pez cebra como modelo experimental.
  • Características predichas cuantitativamente y verificadas experimentalmente de las TP.

Principales resultados:

  • Se ha demostrado que el blastoderma del pez cebra sufre una rigidez PT debido a una reducción crítica de la conectividad celular dependiente de la adhesión.
  • Las características verificadas de PT, incluidos los exponentes de la ley de potencia y las discontinuidades en los observables macroscópicos.
  • Se demostró que las divisiones celulares meta-sincrónicas conducen a cambios uniformes en la conectividad celular, conduciendo a un PT uniforme.

Conclusiones:

  • La percolación de rigidez proporciona un marco sólido para la comprensión de las TP materiales/estructurales en los tejidos embrionarios.
  • La dinámica de conectividad celular es crucial para regular las propiedades del material tisular durante el desarrollo.
  • Reveló la base estructural del material PT en un contexto orgánico.