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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Determinar la estructura atómica tridimensional de un sólido amorfo

Yao Yang1, Jihan Zhou1,2, Fan Zhu1

  • 1Department of Physics & Astronomy, STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Nature
|April 1, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron la tomografía electrónica atómica para revelar la estructura atómica 3D de los sólidos amorfos. Este método identificó grupos similares a los cristales, ofreciendo nuevos conocimientos sobre los materiales no cristalinos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Física de la materia condensada
  • Nanotecnología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los sólidos amorfos como el vidrio y los plásticos son vitales en la tecnología, pero su estructura atómica 3D permanece experimentalmente indeterminada debido a la falta de orden de largo alcance.
  • Comprender los arreglos atómicos es crucial para optimizar las propiedades de los materiales y las aplicaciones en telecomunicaciones, electrónica y células solares.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para determinar experimentalmente las posiciones atómicas tridimensionales (3D) dentro de los sólidos amorfos.
  • Caracterizar cuantitativamente el orden de corto y medio alcance en la disposición atómica tridimensional de materiales amorfos.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de un método de reconstrucción por tomografía electrónica atómica.
  • Aplicación del método a una aleación formadora de vidrio multicomponente como prueba de principio.

Principales resultados:

  • Determinó con éxito las posiciones atómicas 3D en un sólido amorfo.
  • Se observó que las estructuras de orden de corto alcance se conectan para formar supercúmulos similares a los cristales, creando un orden de medio alcance.
  • Se identificaron cuatro tipos de orden de rango medio de tipo cristalino (FCC, HCP, BCC, SC) con orden traslacional pero no orientacional.

Conclusiones:

  • Los hallazgos proporcionan pruebas experimentales directas que apoyan el modelo de embalaje de racimo eficiente para vidrios metálicos.
  • Se espera que esta técnica permita la determinación de la estructura en 3D para varios sólidos amorfos, avanzando en la comprensión de los materiales no cristalinos.