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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Las células de los vertebrados interpretan diferencialmente la cAMP ciliar y extraciliar

Melissa E Truong1, Sara Bilekova2, Semil P Choksi1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Cell
|May 1, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Las células diferencian entre la señalización en el cilio primario y el citoplasma. La AMP cíclica ciliar (cAMP) inhibe la señalización de Hedgehog a través de un grupo específico de proteína quinasa A (PKA), lo que demuestra la distinción de la señalización espacial.

Palabras clave:
Receptor acoplado a la proteína GSeñalización de erizoscAMP (en inglés)La quimiogénesisdesarrolloOptogenéticacilios primariosLa proteína quinasa ATransducción de señales

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología celular
  • Señales moleculares
  • Función de los órganos

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los receptores acoplados a proteínas G (GPCR) y los componentes de la vía de Hedgehog se encuentran en los cilios primarios.
  • El cilium primario es crucial para la transducción de señales celulares.
  • La señalización GPCR ocurre tanto dentro como fuera del cilio primario.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Determinar si las células diferencian entre la señalización de los receptores acoplados a proteínas G (GPCR) ubicados en el cilium primario frente a los externos.
  • Investigar si la AMP cíclica ciliar y extraciliar transmiten información distinta.
  • Identificar los mecanismos que utilizan las células para distinguir los eventos de señalización subcelular.

Principales métodos:

  • Herramientas optogenéticas y quimiogenéticas diseñadas para controlar la generación cíclica de AMP (cAMP) en ubicaciones subcelulares específicas.
  • Se generaron cantidades iguales de cAMP ciliar y citoplasmático en modelos de células de peces cebra y mamíferos.
  • Modelado utilizado para comprender el impacto de distintas geometrías celulares en la activación del efector.
  • Se han identificado y probado funcionalmente los grupos ciliares y extraciliares de proteína quinasa A (PKA).

Principales resultados:

  • El cAMP ciliar, pero no el cAMP citoplasmático, inhibió la señalización del erizo.
  • Se sugirieron distintas geometrías celulares del cilio y el cuerpo celular para activar diferencialmente los efectores locales.
  • Se identificó un grupo específico de proteína quinasa A (PKA) dentro del cilio.
  • El bloqueo de la PKA ciliar, pero no la PKA extraciliar, activó la señalización de Hedgehog y revirtió los efectos de la cAMP ciliar.

Conclusiones:

  • Las células distinguen entre las señales de AMP cíclica ciliar y extraciliar (cAMP).
  • Las piscinas de proteína quinasa A (PKA) funcionalmente y espacialmente distintas median esta discriminación celular.
  • Diferentes piscinas subcelulares de cAMP transmiten información única, impactando las vías de señalización aguas abajo como Hedgehog.