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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Stress Concentrations01:13

Stress Concentrations

394
The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
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Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between...
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Shearing Stress01:19

Shearing Stress

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Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
341
Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

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Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
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Spo11 genera huecos a través de cortes concertados en sitios de tensión topológica

Silvia Prieler1, Doris Chen1, Lingzhi Huang1

  • 1Max Perutz Labs Vienna, University of Vienna, Department of Chromosome Biology, Vienna, Austria.

Nature
|June 10, 2021
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Spo11 crea huecos en el ADN durante la meiosis, no sólo rupturas. Estas rupturas dobles de doble hebra (DSB) influyen en la conversión génica y pueden impulsar la diversidad evolutiva o causar aberraciones de la línea germinal.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La genética
  • Biología molecular
  • Biología celular

Sus antecedentes:

  • La recombinación meiótica es crucial para la segregación cromosómica y la fertilidad.
  • Se inicia por roturas programadas de doble cadena de ADN (DSB) generadas por Spo11.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para caracterizar nuevas lesiones de ADN inducidas por Spo11.
  • Para aclarar el mecanismo y la distribución genómica de estas lesiones.
  • Comprender su papel en la recombinación meiótica y la evolución del genoma.

Principales métodos:

  • Mapeo de todo el genoma de fragmentos inducidos por Spo11 con precisión de un solo par de bases.
  • Análisis de los motivos de la secuencia de ADN y de la periodicidad de la longitud del fragmento.
  • Correlación con los sitios de unión a la topoisomerasa II.

Principales resultados:

  • Descubrimiento de espacios de ADN inducidos por Spo11 (34-cientos de pares de bases) formados por DSBs dobles.
  • Estas brechas se enriquecen en los puntos críticos de DSB, pero también son generalizadas.
  • La escisión de Spo11 está influenciada por la flexibilidad del ADN y el estrés topológico, favoreciendo las caras específicas del ADN.
  • Los DSB dobles representan ~ 20% de los eventos de iniciación y pueden conducir a la conversión, deleciones o inserciones de genes.

Conclusiones:

  • Spo11 genera DSBs y DSBs dobles, creando huecos.
  • La flexibilidad del ADN y la tensión topológica son factores clave en la selección del sitio de escisión de Spo11.
  • Las DSB dobles contribuyen a la diversidad genética y pueden causar aberraciones patógenas de la línea germinal.