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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Protein Glycosylation01:25

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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What is Glycolysis?00:56

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Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics
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Un vistazo al mundo del glycoRNA

Matthew D Disney1

  • 1The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.

Cell
|June 11, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores descubrieron glicoARN, que son ARN no codificantes decorados con carbohidratos, en las superficies celulares. Este hallazgo destaca una nueva capa de funcionalidad de ARN, similar a las proteínas y los lípidos.

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología molecular
  • Glicobiología
  • Biología del ARN

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las últimas décadas muestran una mayor comprensión de las modificaciones del ARN y sus funciones biológicas.
  • Se sabe que los ARN no codificantes conservados participan en varios procesos celulares.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para reportar el descubrimiento de glicoARN en la superficie de las células.
  • Caracterizar la funcionalidad de los ARN no codificantes con los carbohidratos.

Principales métodos:

  • Técnicas de análisis de la superficie celular.
  • Métodos de aislamiento y caracterización del ARN.
  • Análisis y detección de glicano.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificación de los glicoARN presentes en la superficie extracelular de las células.

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  • Demostración de que los ARN no codificantes conservados pueden ser funcionalizados con carbohidratos.
  • Caracterización de las estructuras de glicano unidas a estos ARN.

    • Conclusiones:

    • Los glicoARN representan una nueva clase de moléculas de la superficie celular.
    • La modificación de carbohidratos del ARN agrega una nueva dimensión a la biología y la función del ARN.
    • Este descubrimiento abre nuevas vías para comprender la comunicación celular y la regulación mediada por ARN.