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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes01:33

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Microdissection of Mouse Brain into Functionally and Anatomically Different Regions
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Arquitectura molecular del cerebro en desarrollo del ratón

Gioele La Manno1,2, Kimberly Siletti3, Alessandro Furlan3,4

  • 1Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. gioele.lamanno@epfl.ch.

Nature
|July 29, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Los investigadores crearon un atlas molecular completo del cerebro embrionario del ratón, identificando casi 800 estados celulares y mapeando la expresión génica para comprender el desarrollo del cerebro desde la gastrulación hasta el nacimiento.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia
  • Biología del desarrollo
  • La genómica

Sus antecedentes:

  • El desarrollo del cerebro de los mamíferos implica interacciones complejas de señales espaciales, señalización celular y programas genéticos, que conducen a más de mil tipos celulares distintos.
  • La comprensión de este proceso requiere una caracterización sistemática de los estados celulares en todo el rango espacial-temporal de desarrollo.
  • La secuenciación de ARN de una sola célula y la transcriptómica espacial son herramientas poderosas para revelar la heterogeneidad molecular en el sistema nervioso.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para crear un atlas transcriptómico completo de una sola célula del cerebro embrionario del ratón.
  • Identificar y caracterizar los estados celulares durante el desarrollo del cerebro embrionario.
  • Mapear los patrones de expresión espacial de los genes clave del desarrollo e integrar esto con los datos de una sola célula.

Principales métodos:

  • Secuenciación completa de ARN de una sola célula del cerebro embrionario de ratón desde la gastrulación hasta el nacimiento.
  • Secuenciación in situ del ARNm para determinar los patrones de expresión génica espacial.
  • Integración de datos transcriptómicos de una sola célula con datos de expresión espacial.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificación de casi 800 estados celulares distintos durante el desarrollo del cerebro embrionario del ratón.
  • Caracterización de los programas de desarrollo para los elementos funcionales del cerebro, incluido el neuroepitelio, los organizadores secundarios y las células progenitoras.
  • Mapeo preciso de la organización espacial de los progenitores neuronales durante el patrón del sistema nervioso a través del análisis de datos integrados.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio proporciona un atlas molecular detallado del desarrollo del cerebro embrionario del ratón.
  • Los hallazgos aclaran las trayectorias de desarrollo y la organización espacial de los progenitores neuronales.
  • Este recurso hará avanzar nuestra comprensión de la formación del cerebro de los mamíferos y la diversidad celular.