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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Hydrolysis01:15

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Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Despolimerización de polímeros hidroxilados mediante la división de enlaces C-C impulsada por la luz

Suong T Nguyen1, Elizabeth A McLoughlin1, James H Cox1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|August 2, 2021
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los nuevos métodos catalíticos permiten el reciclaje de plástico utilizando luz visible para descomponer polímeros en monómeros valiosos. Este enfoque también facilita la creación de nuevos materiales plásticos degradables para una economía circular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química de los polímeros
  • Ciencia de los materiales sostenibles
  • Catálisis

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los residuos plásticos persistentes representan una importante crisis ecológica.
  • Las tecnologías químicas avanzadas son cruciales para el reciclaje de residuos plásticos y el diseño de materiales degradables.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un nuevo método de despolimerización catalítica para los residuos plásticos.
  • Para crear la próxima generación de materiales de poliolefina degradables.

Principales métodos:

  • Despolimerización catalítica inducida por luz visible de la resina fenoxi y las poliolefinas hidroxiladas.
  • Transferencia de electrones acoplados a protones (PCET) activación de grupos hidroxilo para generar radicales alcoxi.
  • Enlace C-C β-escisión para la fragmentación de la cadena de polímeros.

Principales resultados:

  • Despolimerización exitosa de los polímeros cerca de la temperatura ambiente.
  • Producción de mezclas de productos aislables bien definidas y convertibles en monómeros de policondensación.
  • Los grupos hidroxilo modulan las propiedades termomecánicas, lo que permite diversas características del material.

Conclusiones:

  • Demostró una estrategia de escisión de enlaces C-C impulsada por la luz para el reciclaje de polímeros.
  • Potencial para establecer nuevas vías de economía circular para los polímeros.
  • Influye en el desarrollo de materiales de poliolefina degradables por diseño.