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Raíces y cratones continentales profundos

D Graham Pearson1, James M Scott2, Jingao Liu3

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Los cratones, los antiguos núcleos continentales de la Tierra, se conservan por las gruesas raíces del manto formadas a través de la fusión a baja presión y el posterior transporte profundo. Los procesos de engrosamiento orogénico fueron clave para desarrollar estas raíces litosféricas estables, lo que permitió la aparición de los continentes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Geología
  • La geofísica
  • Tectónica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los cratones son antiguos núcleos continentales, cruciales para entender la historia de la Tierra.
  • Su formación y preservación, particularmente sus raíces del manto, siguen siendo un desafío geológico significativo.
  • Las eras mesoarquea y paleoproterozoica fueron críticas para ensamblar cratones de larga vida.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la formación y evolución de las raíces litosféricas cratónicas.
  • Comprender los procesos responsables de la estabilidad a largo plazo de los cratones.
  • Refinar la definición de cratones para incluir regiones estables de la corteza mesoproterozoica.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de los residuos de fusión de peridotita.
  • Modelado del engrosamiento litosférico a través de la acreción lateral y la compresión.
  • Reconstrucción geológica del montaje del cratón durante épocas precámbricas específicas.

Principales resultados:

  • Las raíces litosféricas cratónicas se originan a partir de residuos de fusión a baja presión transportados a mayores profundidades.
  • Las raíces del manto gruesas y estables (150-250 km) formadas durante el Mesoarqueo y el Paleoproterozoico son críticas para la preservación del cratón.
  • El engrosamiento orogénico, potencialmente en múltiples ciclos, es fundamental para producir una litosfera extendida y fuerte.

Conclusiones:

  • El desarrollo de raíces litosféricas gruesas está intrínsecamente relacionado con la formación de cratones y la longevidad.
  • La definición de cratones puede ampliarse para abarcar regiones mesoproterozoicas estables con un grueso soporte litosférico.
  • La comprensión de la evolución cratónica proporciona información sobre el surgimiento de masas continentales estables.