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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Catalizador de un solo átomo de iridio dopado con Ni2P para una evolución óptima del oxígeno

Qi Wang¹, Zhe Zhang², Chao Cai³

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|September 1, 2021

Resumen

Los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo átomo de iridio en el catalizador Ni2P (IrSA-Ni2P) para la reacción de evolución del oxígeno (OER). Este catalizador alcanza un potencial excesivo récord, lo que aumenta significativamente el rendimiento y la estabilidad de OER.

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Área de la Ciencia:

La electroquímica
Ciencias de los materiales
Catálisis

Sus antecedentes:

Los catalizadores de un solo átomo (SAC) ofrecen sitios activos al 100% para la reacción de evolución del oxígeno (OER).
La mejora de la actividad catalítica y la estabilidad de los OER, especialmente con sobrepotenciales por debajo de 180 mV, sigue siendo un desafío importante.

Objetivo del estudio:

Desarrollar un catalizador monoatómico altamente activo y estable para la reacción de evolución del oxígeno (OER).
Investigar las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas que influyen en el rendimiento catalítico de los catalizadores monoatómicos.

Principales métodos:

En el caso de un catalisador de Ni2P, se recomienda la utilización de un catalizador de Ni2P para la síntesis del átomo de iridio.
Caracterización electroquímica del rendimiento OER, incluidas las mediciones de sobrepotencial y densidad de corriente.
Simulaciones computacionales (por ejemplo, DFT) para comprender la estructura del sitio activo y los mecanismos de reacción.

Principales resultados:

IrSA-Ni2P logró un sobrepotencial bajo récord de 149 mV a 10 mA·cm−2 en 1,0 M KOH.
El catalizador exhibió una densidad de corriente aproximadamente 28 veces mayor en comparación con IrO2 a 1,53 V frente a RHE.
Los estudios experimentales y computacionales confirmaron átomos de Ir en sitios de Ni, con un entorno de enlace Ir-O-P/Ni-O-P reconstruido crucial para la actividad de OER.

Conclusiones:

El catalizador IrSA-Ni2P demuestra una actividad y estabilidad excepcionales.
La estructura electrónica única y el entorno de enlace reconstruido son clave para mejorar el rendimiento catalítico.
Este trabajo proporciona una nueva estrategia para diseñar SAC eficientes para OER y otras reacciones electroquímicas.