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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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What are Membranes?01:54

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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
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Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Las transiciones de fase de membrana impulsadas térmicamente permiten la reorganización del contenido en células

Roger Rubio-Sánchez1, Derek K O'Flaherty2, Anna Wang3

  • 1Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 1, 2021
PubMed
Resumen

Las fluctuaciones ambientales impulsaron las transiciones de fase de la membrana, lo que permitió a las células primitivas liberar y reorganizar el contenido. Este proceso generó protocélulas hijas funcionales de padres no funcionales, iniciando la evolución darwiniana.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • El origen de los estudios biológicos
  • La biofísica
  • Química prebiótica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las anfifilas de cadena única que se autoensamblan son cruciales para los ciclos celulares primitivos.
  • Las membranas de ácidos grasos prebióticos presentan inestabilidad a la temperatura y al pH, lo que limita los procesos celulares.
  • Las fluctuaciones ambientales pueden haber influido en la evolución celular temprana.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el papel de las transiciones de fase de la membrana en la generación de protocélulas y el mezclado de contenidos.
  • Para explorar cómo las fluctuaciones ambientales podrían impulsar la formación de protocélulas funcionales.
  • Proponer un mecanismo para el surgimiento de la evolución darwiniana en las primeras formas de vida.

Principales métodos:

  • Modelado de las transiciones de fase reversibles de membrana a aceite en las vesículas de ácidos grasos.
  • Análisis de los efectos de las fluctuaciones de temperatura sobre la estabilidad de las vesículas y la liberación del contenido.
  • Observar el surgimiento de protocélulas funcionales que contienen ARN de compartimentos parentales no funcionales.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó una transición reversible de fase de membrana a aceite, lo que lleva a la disolución de las vesículas a altas temperaturas y a su reensamblaje a bajas temperaturas.
  • Este ciclo facilitó la liberación y reorganización de los contenidos protocelulares, incluidos los oligonucleótidos.
  • El proceso de desmontaje / reensamblaje generó con éxito protocélulas funcionales que contienen ARN de las no funcionales.

Conclusiones:

  • Las fluctuaciones ambientales y las transiciones de fase de la membrana ofrecen un mecanismo plausible para la reorganización del contenido de las protocélulas y la aparición de células primitivas funcionales.
  • La inestabilidad intrínseca de las vesículas prebióticas se puede explotar para un proceso impulsado por el medio ambiente crucial para la evolución temprana de la vida.
  • Este mecanismo proporciona una vía potencial para iniciar la evolución darwiniana en ausencia de maquinaria de transporte.