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Protección de la vacuna contra el SARS-CoV-2 y muertes entre los veteranos estadounidenses durante 2021
Barbara A Cohn1, Piera M Cirillo1,2, Caitlin C Murphy3
1Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 4, 2021
Resumen
La efectividad de la vacuna contra la infección por SARS-CoV-2 disminuyó en 2021, y Janssen mostró la caída más pronunciada. Sin embargo, todas las vacunas siguieron protegiendo contra la muerte, especialmente durante el aumento de la variante Delta.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Inmunología
- Salud pública
- Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) representa una amenaza significativa para la salud mundial.
- La vacunación es una estrategia primaria para mitigar la infección y la mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2.
- Comprender la eficacia de las vacunas por tipo y en el tiempo es crucial para la política de salud pública.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la efectividad de la vacuna SARS-CoV-2 contra la infección (VE-I) y la muerte (VE-D) por tipo de vacuna.
- Para evaluar las tendencias de VE durante el aumento de la variante Delta.
- Para informar las estrategias de vacunación y refuerzo en curso.
Principales métodos:
- Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de 780,225 veteranos en la Administración de Salud de los Veteranos.
- Análisis de VE-I y VE-D de febrero a octubre de 2021.
- Estratificación de VE-D por grupo de edad (<65 y ≥65 años).
Principales resultados:
- El VE-I disminuyó en todos los tipos de vacunas de febrero a octubre de 2021, con la mayor disminución para la vacuna Janssen (VE-I: 13,1%).
- La vacunación siguió protegiendo contra la muerte, incluso con infecciones de avance durante el aumento de la variante Delta.
- La VE-D varió según el tipo de vacuna y la edad: para edades < 65 años, la VE-D fue del 73,0% (Janssen), del 81,5% (Moderna), del 84,3% (Pfizer-BioNTech); para edades ≥ 65 años, la VE-D fue del 52,2% (Janssen), del 75,5% (Moderna), del 70,1% (Pfizer-BioNTech).
Conclusiones:
- Los hallazgos subrayan la disminución de la efectividad de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 contra la infección con el tiempo.
- La vacunación continúa proporcionando una protección significativa contra las muertes relacionadas con el COVID-19, especialmente para los adultos mayores.
- La vacunación continua, las campañas de refuerzo y las medidas de protección en capas son esenciales para combatir la infección y la mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2.
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