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Lipidomía profunda en el plasma humano: riesgo de enfermedad cardiometabólica y efecto de la modulación de la grasa
Fabian Eichelmann1,2, Laury Sellem3, Clemens Wittenbecher1,4
1Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal (F.E., C.W., S.J., O.K., M.P., R.C., M.B.S.).
Circulation
|April 15, 2022
Resumen
Este estudio identificó lípidos plasmáticos específicos relacionados con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiometabólica. La modificación de las grasas dietéticas, en particular la sustitución de las saturadas por ácidos grasos insaturados, mostró beneficios potenciales para la prevención de enfermedades.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La lipidomía y la ciencia nutricional
- Investigación en enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes tipo 2
- Estudios de cohorte en humanos y ensayos controlados aleatorizados
Sus antecedentes:
- Los ácidos grasos dietéticos y endógenos constituyen el lipidoma en la sangre y los tejidos.
- Comprender las asociaciones de lípidos plasmáticos con enfermedades cardiometabólicas es crucial.
- Es necesario investigar el impacto de la modificación de las grasas en la dieta sobre los lípidos asociados al riesgo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar las asociaciones entre los lípidos plasmáticos y las enfermedades cardiometabólicas.
- Determinar si los lípidos identificados asociados al riesgo responden a la modificación de las grasas de la dieta.
Principales métodos:
- Utilizó la cohorte de EPIC Potsdam (n=27,954) con cohortes de casos de enfermedad cardiovascular (n=551) y diabetes tipo 2 (n=775).
- Se analizaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de 282 abundancias de FA específicas de la clase (de 940 especies moleculares) utilizando lipidomía de alta resolución.
- Se llevó a cabo el ensayo controlado aleatorizado DIVAS (n=113) para probar las intervenciones de grasas dietéticas (grasas saturadas, monoinsaturadas o mixtas insaturadas).
Principales resultados:
- Se identificaron 69 lípidos asociados con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y/o diabetes tipo 2.
- Los lípidos específicos como los monoacilgliceroles y ciertos diacilgliceroles se relacionaron con ambos resultados.
- La intervención dietética con grasas saturadas alteró de manera beneficiosa 19 lípidos asociados al riesgo en comparación con una dieta de grasas saturadas.
Conclusiones:
- Varios lípidos plasmáticos están significativamente asociados con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiometabólica.
- La intervención dietética que sustituye los ácidos grasos saturados por ácidos grasos insaturados tiene un impacto positivo en los lípidos asociados al riesgo.
- Esta estrategia dietética ofrece una herramienta potencial para la prevención primaria de enfermedades cardiometabólicas.
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