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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Norton's Theorem01:14

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Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the...
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Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving01:17

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

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A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
To solve the problem, we can use the equations from the analysis of an RC circuit and Maxwell's version of Ampère's law.
For the first part of...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

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Organizaciones en transición hacia la criptografía post-cuántica

David Joseph1, Rafael Misoczki2, Marc Manzano3

  • 1SandboxAQ, Palo Alto, CA, USA. david.joseph@sandboxaq.com.

Nature
|May 13, 2022
PubMed
Resumen

La computación cuántica amenaza el cifrado actual. Las organizaciones deben hacer la transición a los algoritmos de criptografía resistentes a la cantidad (PQC), un proceso complejo que requiere una planificación cuidadosa para la seguridad y el rendimiento.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Criptografía y seguridad de computación cuántica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las computadoras cuánticas, aprovechando el algoritmo de Shor, representan una amenaza significativa para la criptografía de clave pública actual.
  • El desarrollo de algoritmos de criptografía resistentes al cuántico (PQC) es crucial para la seguridad de los datos en el futuro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar una perspectiva organizativa sobre la transición hacia la criptografía post-cuántica (PQC).
  • Esbozar estrategias para mitigar los riesgos durante el proceso de migración de la PQC.

Principales métodos:

  • Discusión de los plazos de transición de la PQC y las principales estrategias de protección.
  • Análisis de enfoques híbridos que combinan algoritmos precuánticos y PQC.
  • Recomendaciones para la adopción organizativa del PQC.

Principales resultados:

  • La transición de PQC es un proceso de varias décadas con desafíos complejos de seguridad, rendimiento e implementación.
  • Los enfoques de criptografía híbrida pueden minimizar los riesgos durante la migración.
  • Se recomienda la experimentación temprana con las normas de PQC sugeridas.

Conclusiones:

  • Un enfoque proactivo y estratégico es esencial para una transición suave y oportuna de la PQC.
  • Las organizaciones deben considerar la seguridad, el rendimiento y la facilidad de implementación para la adopción exitosa de PQC.