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Aceite crónico en los océanos globales

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Este estudio mapea las fugas de petróleo del océano global utilizando datos satelitales. Las descargas antropogénicas, no las filtraciones naturales, son la principal fuente de contaminación marina por petróleo.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Contaminación del mar
  • La teledetección
  • Monitoreo del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las manchas de petróleo oceánicas se originan en filtraciones naturales y en actividades humanas.
  • La distribución global y el equilibrio de las fuentes de manchas de petróleo naturales frente a las antropogénicas no se comprenden bien.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para crear el primer mapa global de las manchas de petróleo.
  • Identificar e inventariar las fuentes estáticas y persistentes de contaminación marina por petróleo.
  • Determinar las contribuciones relativas de las filtraciones naturales y las descargas antropogénicas a las manchas de petróleo oceánicas.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de 563.705 imágenes satelitales Sentinel-1 desde 2014 hasta 2019.
  • Identificación y cartografía de la distribución de las manchas de petróleo en todo el mundo.
  • Cuantificación de las fuentes de manchas de petróleo, distinguiendo entre filtraciones naturales, plataformas y tuberías.

Principales resultados:

  • Aproximadamente el 90% de las manchas de petróleo observadas se ubicaron a menos de 160 km de las costas.
  • Veintiuna zonas de manchas de petróleo de alta densidad se correlacionaron fuertemente con las principales rutas marítimas.
  • Las descargas antropogénicas representaron el 94% de la superficie de la mancha petrolera, significativamente mayor que el 6% de las filtraciones naturales.

Conclusiones:

  • El estudio proporciona una visión global completa de la distribución y las fuentes de las manchas de petróleo marino.
  • Las contribuciones antropogénicas actuales a la contaminación marina por petróleo, basadas en el área de mancha, son sustancialmente mayores de lo estimado anteriormente.
  • Los resultados ponen de relieve el impacto significativo de las actividades humanas en la contaminación oceánica por petróleo y la subestimación de las fuentes antropogénicas.