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Aceite crónico en los océanos globales

Yanzhu Dong^1,2, Yongxue Liu¹, Chuanmin Hu³

¹School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 16, 2022

Resumen

Este estudio mapea las fugas de petróleo del océano global utilizando datos satelitales. Las descargas antropogénicas, no las filtraciones naturales, son la principal fuente de contaminación marina por petróleo.

Área de la Ciencia:

Contaminación del mar
La teledetección
Monitoreo del medio ambiente

Sus antecedentes:

Las manchas de petróleo oceánicas se originan en filtraciones naturales y en actividades humanas.
La distribución global y el equilibrio de las fuentes de manchas de petróleo naturales frente a las antropogénicas no se comprenden bien.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para crear el primer mapa global de las manchas de petróleo.
Identificar e inventariar las fuentes estáticas y persistentes de contaminación marina por petróleo.
Determinar las contribuciones relativas de las filtraciones naturales y las descargas antropogénicas a las manchas de petróleo oceánicas.

Principales métodos:

Análisis de 563.705 imágenes satelitales Sentinel-1 desde 2014 hasta 2019.
Identificación y cartografía de la distribución de las manchas de petróleo en todo el mundo.
Cuantificación de las fuentes de manchas de petróleo, distinguiendo entre filtraciones naturales, plataformas y tuberías.

Principales resultados:

Aproximadamente el 90% de las manchas de petróleo observadas se ubicaron a menos de 160 km de las costas.
Veintiuna zonas de manchas de petróleo de alta densidad se correlacionaron fuertemente con las principales rutas marítimas.
Las descargas antropogénicas representaron el 94% de la superficie de la mancha petrolera, significativamente mayor que el 6% de las filtraciones naturales.

Conclusiones:

El estudio proporciona una visión global completa de la distribución y las fuentes de las manchas de petróleo marino.
Las contribuciones antropogénicas actuales a la contaminación marina por petróleo, basadas en el área de mancha, son sustancialmente mayores de lo estimado anteriormente.
Los resultados ponen de relieve el impacto significativo de las actividades humanas en la contaminación oceánica por petróleo y la subestimación de las fuentes antropogénicas.

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