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Suplementos vitamínicos y minerales para la prevención primaria de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cáncer: informe de

Elizabeth A O'Connor¹, Corinne V Evans¹, Ilya Ivlev¹

¹Kaiser Permanente Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon.

|June 21, 2022

Resumen

Los suplementos vitamínicos y minerales ofrecen pocos beneficios para prevenir el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares o la muerte, con una ligera excepción para el uso de multivitaminas en la prevención del cáncer. Los suplementos de betacaroteno aumentan el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón.

Área de la Ciencia:

Nutrición clínica
La medicina preventiva
Salud pública

Sus antecedentes:

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer son las principales causas de muerte en los Estados Unidos.
A menudo se propone la suplementación con vitaminas y minerales para la prevención de enfermedades.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar los beneficios y los daños de la suplementación con vitaminas y minerales en adultos sanos para la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cáncer.
Para informar a la Fuerza de Trabajo de Servicios Preventivos de los EE.UU.

Principales métodos:

Revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) y estudios de cohorte de observación.
Buscado en MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library y Embase desde enero de 2013 hasta febrero de 2022.
Se incluyeron 84 estudios con más de 739.000 participantes.

Principales resultados:

El uso de multivitaminas mostró una pequeña asociación con la reducción de la incidencia de cáncer (cualquier cáncer y cáncer de pulmón).
La suplementación con betacaroteno aumentó el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón y de mortalidad cardiovascular.
La suplementación con vitamina D y E no mostró una asociación significativa con la mortalidad, las enfermedades cardiovasculares o los resultados de cáncer.

Conclusiones:

La suplementación con vitaminas y minerales proporciona beneficios mínimos para prevenir las principales enfermedades crónicas y la mortalidad.
El betacaroteno presenta riesgos, especialmente para el cáncer de pulmón en personas de alto riesgo.
La evidencia general sugiere un valor limitado para la suplementación de rutina en adultos sanos.

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