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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter
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Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter

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Defectos de ingeniería con ADN

YuHuang Wang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 28, 2022
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Se usaron secuencias genéticas para modificar estructuralmente los nanotubos de carbono de una sola pared. Esta investigación explora nuevos métodos para alterar las propiedades de los nanomateriales a través de enfoques de ingeniería biológica.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de los materiales
  • Biotecnología
  • Nanotecnología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los nanotubos de carbono de pared única (SWCNT) poseen propiedades electrónicas y mecánicas únicas.
  • El control de la estructura y la funcionalidad de los SWCNT es crucial para las aplicaciones avanzadas.
  • Los métodos de modificación actuales a menudo implican productos químicos agresivos o procesos complejos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la viabilidad del uso de secuencias genéticas para la modificación estructural de SWCNT.
  • Explorar un nuevo enfoque de inspiración biológica para adaptar las propiedades de SWCNT.
  • Para establecer una base para los nanomateriales de ingeniería genética.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizando secuencias genéticas específicas diseñadas para interactuar con las superficies SWCNT.
  • El uso de técnicas para promover alteraciones estructurales impulsadas por secuencias en SWCNT.
  • Caracterización de los SWCNT modificados mediante métodos espectroscópicos y microscópicos avanzados.

Principales resultados:

  • Se ha demostrado la modificación estructural exitosa de SWCNTs mediada por secuencias genéticas.
  • Cambios observados en la morfología y propiedades electrónicas del SWCNT después de la modificación.
  • Se han identificado interacciones específicas secuencia-ADN que influyen en la estructura de los nanotubos.

Conclusiones:

  • Las secuencias genéticas ofrecen un método preciso y potencialmente biocompatible para modificar los SWCNT.
  • Este enfoque abre nuevas vías para crear nanomateriales funcionales con características personalizadas.
  • La investigación adicional puede explorar diversos elementos genéticos para aplicaciones de ingeniería SWCNT más amplias.