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Pérdida evolutiva de complejidad en la anatomía vocal humana como una adaptación para el habla
Takeshi Nishimura1,2, Isao T Tokuda3, Shigehiro Miyachi1,2
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 11, 2022
Resumen
El habla humana evolucionó a partir de laringas de primates simplificadas, perdiendo sacos de aire y membranas vocales. Esta simplificación anatómica permitió paradójicamente el lenguaje humano complejo al permitir vocalizaciones estables y ricas en armónicos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva
- La bioacústica
- Primatología
Sus antecedentes:
- La producción del habla humana comparte principios acústicos con otros animales, pero presenta fuentes vocales estables únicas y frecuencias formantes rápidamente cambiantes.
- Comprender la evolución del habla humana requiere examinar la vocalización y la anatomía laríngea de los primates.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar los cambios evolutivos en la anatomía laríngea que facilitaron el habla humana.
- Para entender cómo la anatomía vocal de los primates influye en la fonética y las capacidades del habla.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis comparativo de la fonación en una amplia gama de especies de primates.
- Modelado matemático de la producción vocal y los principios acústicos.
Principales resultados:
- La estabilidad de la fuente vocal de los primates está relacionada con las simplificaciones laríngeas, especialmente la ausencia de sacos de aire y membranas vocales.
- La pérdida evolutiva de las membranas vocales en los humanos evita el caos acústico común en otros primates.
- Esta pérdida permite una fonación estable y rica en armónicos crucial para transmitir información fonética a través de cambios formantes.
Conclusiones:
- La simplificación de la anatomía laríngea humana, específicamente la pérdida de las membranas vocales, fue un paso evolutivo clave para el habla.
- Esta simplificación anatómica paradójicamente permitió el desarrollo del complejo lenguaje humano hablado.
- La fonación estable y los cambios formantes claros, facilitados por la simplificación laríngea, son fundamentales para el habla humana.
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