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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Conjugados discretos de polímero quiral e insulina

Wencong Wang1, Yivan Jiang1, Zhihao Huang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

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|September 20, 2022
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Resumen

Los conjugados precisos de polímero y proteína sintetizados mediante crecimiento exponencial iterativo (IEG) ofrecen un mejor control sobre la administración de medicamentos. Estos nuevos conjugados de insulina demuestran propiedades sintonizables para respuestas de glucosa en sangre optimizadas en ratones diabéticos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Bioconjugación Química
  • Ciencia de los Polímeros
  • Farmacología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La conjugación de polímeros mejora la estabilidad terapéutica de las biomacromoléculas y la farmacocinética.
  • Los métodos convencionales producen conjugados heterogéneos con variabilidad de fabricación y un control limitado de la estructura y las propiedades.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar una estrategia de síntesis precisa para los conjugados de polímero y proteína utilizando polímeros quirales discretos.
  • Evaluar el impacto de las características sintonizables del polímero en el rendimiento biológico de los conjugados de insulina.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de polímeros discretos y quirales a través del crecimiento exponencial iterativo (IEG).
  • Conjugación de polímeros IEG con insulina como un polipéptido terapéutico modelo.
  • Evaluación in vivo de la respuesta de la glucosa en sangre en ratones diabéticos en comparación con la insulina PEGylated y Lantus.

Principales resultados:

  • Los conjugados de IEG-insulina eliminaron la variabilidad de fabricación asociada con la dispersión y la quiralidad del polímero.
  • Características sintonizables del polímero, como rigidez conformacional, función modulada de la proteína, que conducen a una reducción más rápida o prolongada de la glucosa.
  • No se observó disminución de la actividad, inmunogenicidad o toxicidad después de la administración repetida.

Conclusiones:

  • El IEG permite la síntesis precisa de conjugados de polímeros sintéticos y biopolímeros.
  • La estructura de polímero sintético de ajuste fino ofrece una vía para optimizar el rendimiento conjugado para aplicaciones terapéuticas.