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Carga rápida de las baterías de iones de litio de alta densidad energética
Chao-Yang Wang1,2, Teng Liu3, Xiao-Guang Yang3,4
1Electrochemical Engine Center (ECEC) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. cxw31@psu.edu.
Nature
|October 12, 2022
Resumen
La carga rápida de baterías de iones de litio de alta energía ahora es posible mediante la modulación asimétrica de la temperatura. Este avance permite reducir el tamaño de las baterías de los vehículos eléctricos para que sean asequibles y sostenibles, logrando un alcance de medio millón de millas con carga rápida.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias de los materiales
- La electroquímica
- Almacenamiento de energía
Sus antecedentes:
- Las baterías de iones de litio de alta energía (250-300 Wh kg−1) son cruciales para los vehículos eléctricos (EV), pero enfrentan desafíos con limitaciones de costos y recursos.
- La carga rápida es esencial para la adopción de vehículos eléctricos, pero sigue siendo difícil para las baterías de alta densidad energética sin comprometer la vida útil.
- La tecnología actual de baterías para vehículos eléctricos está limitada por la necesidad de paquetes grandes para garantizar un alcance adecuado, lo que afecta a la asequibilidad y la sostenibilidad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Desarrollar una solución de carga rápida para baterías de iones de litio de alta densidad energética.
- Para permitir la reducción del tamaño de la batería EV a través de capacidades de carga rápida.
- Para garantizar la estabilidad y la seguridad de la batería durante los ciclos de carga rápida.
Principales métodos:
- Implementó un enfoque material-agnóstico utilizando la modulación asimétrica de la temperatura.
- Utilizó un electrolito de doble sal térmicamente estable.
- Desarrolló un gemelo digital para simular el enfriamiento y la seguridad de la batería.
Principales resultados:
- Logró un estado de carga del 75% en 12 minutos (70% en 11 minutos) para una batería de 265 Wh kg-1.
- Demostró más de 900 (o 2,000) ciclos, lo que equivale a un rango de medio millón de millas con una carga rápida constante.
- Se confirmó que la carga 4C modulada térmicamente requiere solo convección de aire, lo que garantiza la seguridad y permite diseños compactos de célula a paquete.
Conclusiones:
- La modulación asimétrica de la temperatura combinada con un electrolito estable facilita la carga rápida de las baterías de alta energía.
- Este método admite la reducción del tamaño de la batería EV, mejorando la asequibilidad y la sostenibilidad sin la ansiedad de rango.
- El enfoque muestra un potencial significativo para los materiales de la batería de próxima generación, incluidos los ánodos metálicos de silicio y litio.
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