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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

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In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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La hipercalcemia: una revisión

Marcella Donovan Walker1, Elizabeth Shane1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.

JAMA
|October 25, 2022
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La hipercalcemia, a menudo asintomática, puede causar síntomas graves como confusión y coma. El hiperparatiroidismo primario y la malignidad son causas comunes que requieren tratamientos adaptados desde la observación hasta los bifosfonatos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Endocrinología
  • Nefrología
  • En el campo de la oncología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La hipercalcemia afecta a ~ 1% de la población, desde casos leves asintomáticos hasta presentaciones graves con síntomas neurológicos y sistémicos.
  • El hiperparatiroidismo primario (PHPT) y la malignidad representan ~ 90% de los casos de hipercalcemia, con otras causas que incluyen enfermedades granulomatosas, endocrinopatías y ciertos medicamentos.

Conclusiones:

  • El tratamiento eficaz de la hipercalcemia depende de la identificación y el tratamiento de la etiología subyacente específica.
  • El pronóstico varía significativamente, con la TPH asintomática generalmente teniendo un pronóstico excelente, mientras que la hipercalcemia de la malignidad se asocia con una supervivencia pobre.