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Infección por SARS-CoV-2 y persistencia en el cuerpo humano y el cerebro en la autopsia

Sydney R Stein^1,2, Sabrina C Ramelli³, Alison Grazioli⁴

¹Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

|December 14, 2022

Resumen

El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) puede infectar múltiples órganos y persistir en el cuerpo durante meses, incluido el cerebro, incluso después de que se resuelva la infección por la enfermedad aguda por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

Área de la Ciencia:

Enfermedades infecciosas
Virología
Patología

Sus antecedentes:

La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por el SARS-CoV-2, conduce a la disfunción de varios órganos.
La carga sistémica y la cinética del aclaramiento viral, especialmente en el cerebro, siguen siendo poco conocidas.
Las secuelas post-agudas del SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) resaltan la necesidad de investigar la presencia viral a largo plazo.

Objetivo del estudio:

Trazar un mapa y cuantificar la distribución, la replicación y la especificidad del tipo celular del SARS-CoV-2.
Para investigar la presencia de virus en el sistema nervioso central y otros órganos.
Para determinar la duración de la persistencia del virus en el cuerpo.

Principales métodos:

Se realizaron autopsias completas en 44 pacientes que murieron con COVID-19.
Se realizó un extenso muestreo del sistema nervioso central en 11 pacientes.
Se analizó la distribución, la replicación y la persistencia del SARS-CoV-2 en múltiples tejidos.

Principales resultados:

El SARS-CoV-2 se distribuyó ampliamente, particularmente en los casos graves de COVID-19.
La replicación del virus se detectó en los tejidos respiratorios y no respiratorios, incluido el cerebro, al principio de la infección.
El ARN persistente del SARS-CoV-2 se encontró en múltiples sitios, incluido el cerebro, hasta 230 días después del inicio de los síntomas.

Conclusiones:

El SARS-CoV-2 puede establecer infecciones sistémicas que persisten durante meses.
El virus puede encontrarse en todo el cuerpo, incluido el cerebro, mucho después de la infección aguda.
Se observó una inflamación limitada o citopatología viral fuera del tracto respiratorio, a pesar de la detección generalizada de ARN.

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